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Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Author Spotlight: Exploring Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease
Published on: September 22, 2023
[No motor signs in Parkinson's disease]
Jean-Philippe Azulay1, Tatiana Witjas1, Alexandre Eusebio1
1AP-HM, hôpital de la Timone, centre expert pour la maladie de Parkinson, service de neurologie et pathologie du mouvement, 13385 Marseille, France.
Abstract:
In Parkinson's disease, motor signs have long been the main targets of the management of the disease. In recent years, non-motor disorders have elicited increasing interest. These disorders are under diagnosed and managed more difficultly than motor signs and are sometimes perceived as more disturbing by the patients. These signs are polymorphous, sometimes occurring before the motor symptoms but increase with the disease duration and complicating always the late stages. They may fluctuate as the motor signs, while being under the control of dopaminergic pathways, or be linked to the degeneration of other neuronal circuits. These clinical manifestations, whether or not fluctuating are classified into three major categories: psycho-cognitive including sleep disorders, autonomic and sensory.
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