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The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that uses the byproducts of combustion as the working fluid instead of using a heat transfer medium to transfer heat. The combustion is done in a way that produces high-pressure combustion products that can be expanded through a turbine or piston to create work. Internal combustion engines can again be categorized into three kinds: (1) spark ignition gasoline engines, most commonly used in automobiles, (2) compression ignition diesel engines that...
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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
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Enthalpy changes are typically tabulated for reactions in which both the reactants and products are at the same conditions. A standard state is a commonly accepted set of conditions used as a reference point for the determination of properties under other different conditions. For chemists, the IUPAC standard state refers to materials under a pressure of 1 bar and solutions at 1 M and does not specify a temperature. Many thermochemical tables list values with a standard state of 1 atm. Because...
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A Fuel-Based Motor Vehicle Emission Inventory.

Brett C Singer, Robert A Harley1

  • 1a University of California , Berkeley , California , USA.

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)
|January 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary

A new fuel-based method accurately estimates motor vehicle carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, finding older vehicles contribute significantly. This approach refines emission inventory calculations for better air quality management.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Transportation Engineering

Background:

  • Accurate motor vehicle emission inventories are crucial for air quality management and regulatory compliance.
  • Traditional emission inventory methods may not fully capture real-world emissions, particularly from diverse vehicle populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present and validate a fuel-based methodology for calculating motor vehicle emission inventories.
  • To estimate carbon monoxide (CO) emissions for the South Coast Air Basin using this novel method.
  • To compare the fuel-based inventory with existing models and analyze emission contributions by vehicle age.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a fuel-based methodology normalizing emission factors to fuel consumption (grams per gallon).

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  • Calculated fleet-average emission factors from remote sensing measurements of over 70,000 in-use vehicles.
  • Estimated CO emissions for cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty trucks in the South Coast Air Basin for summer 1991.

    • Main Results:

    • Fuel-based CO inventory estimated 7900 tons/day for total motor vehicles.
    • Older vehicles (≥10 years) accounted for 58% of stabilized exhaust CO emissions.
    • The fuel-based method yielded higher estimates than the MVEI 7F model but aligned well with a draft MVEI 7G model.

    Conclusions:

    • The fuel-based methodology provides a robust approach for motor vehicle emission inventory development.
    • Older vehicles are disproportionately high emitters of CO, highlighting the need for targeted emission control strategies.
    • The MVEI 7G model shows improved accuracy by incorporating high-emitting vehicles and off-cycle emissions.