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Related Concept Videos

Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
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The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

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Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
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Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

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Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts—...
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Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

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Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
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Author Spotlight: Enhancing Accuracy and Reproducibility in Whole Bone Bending Tests
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Author Spotlight: Enhancing Accuracy and Reproducibility in Whole Bone Bending Tests

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Understanding Bone Strength Is Not Enough.

Christopher J Hernandez1,2,3, Marjolein Ch van der Meulen1,2,3

  • 1Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
|January 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bone quality impacts fracture risk beyond bone mineral density. Understanding fracture toughness and fatigue strength is crucial for preventing fractures, especially those not caused by single overload events.

Keywords:
OSTEOPOROSISBIOMECHANICSBONE QUALITYBONE STRENGTHFRACTURE RISK ASSESSMENT

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science and Biomechanics

Background:

  • Bone mineral density (BMD) alone does not fully explain fracture risk.
  • Bone quality, encompassing tissue strength, fracture toughness, and fatigue strength, plays a critical role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review failure properties beyond bone strength.
  • To elucidate distinct mechanistic pathways of bone fracture.
  • To highlight the importance of fracture toughness and fatigue strength in fracture risk.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of bone failure properties and mechanisms.
  • Analysis of distinct failure mechanisms (strength, fracture toughness, fatigue strength).
  • Comparison of failure mechanisms in different fracture types (e.g., wrist vs. spinal).

Main Results:

  • Bone fractures can result from single overloads (strength-dominated) or multiple loading cycles (fatigue strength-dominated).
  • Fracture toughness and fatigue strength are critical for certain fractures, independent of bone strength.
  • Distinct mechanistic pathways for bone failure exist, analogous to molecular signaling pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Improving fracture risk assessment requires considering properties beyond bone strength, such as fracture toughness and fatigue strength.
  • Understanding these properties can lead to novel fracture prevention strategies.
  • Mechanisms involving fracture toughness and fatigue may offer opportunities for early fracture detection and intervention.