[Proposed model of executive functions based on factorial analyses]

Area of Science:

• Neuropsychology
• Cognitive Neuroscience
• Psychometrics

Background:

• Executive functions, defined as mental capabilities for effective behavior, are crucial in neuropsychological research.
• Debate exists on whether executive functions represent a unitary construct or a system of interconnected components.
• Factorial analysis is a key methodology for understanding the structure of executive functions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review factorial models of attention and executive control in adults published between 1991 and 2016.
• To develop an integrated proposal of executive functions based on existing literature.

Main Methods:

• Systematic literature review of factorial models.
• Searches conducted in PubMed, OvidSP, and PsycINFO databases.
• Analysis of 33 reviewed papers.

Main Results:

• General agreement on the multidimensional nature of executive functions.
• Factorial analyses provide strong evidence for updating, inhibition, and alternation as core executive functions.
• Identification of novel factors proposed in some studies.

Conclusions:

• While a single comprehensive model is lacking, the multidimensionality of executive functions is widely accepted.
• An integrating proposal combines identified executive processes with their neuroanatomical correlates.
• Recommends a combined methodological approach using lesion studies, neuroimaging, and psychometric-computational models.