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Related Concept Videos

Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Chemotaxis in Escherichia coli is a sensory-driven motility mechanism that enables bacteria to navigate chemical gradients, moving toward beneficial environments while avoiding harmful conditions. This process relies on a signal transduction system integrating external chemical cues with flagellar motor control.Chemoreceptors and Signal DetectionE. coli detects chemical gradients through methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs), which are membrane-bound chemoreceptors that sense attractants...
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Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...
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Magnetic bacteria exhibit a directed movement called magnetotaxis, driven by structures called magnetosomes. These magnetosomes consist of chains of magnetic particles made of either magnetite (Fe₃O₄) or greigite (Fe₃S₄) and are organized in a linear conformation by a protein scaffold within invaginations of the cell membrane. The bacteria align along the north–south magnetic field lines, much like a compass needle. They are typically microaerophilic or anaerobic...
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Related Experiment Video

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Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Locations for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach
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The behavior of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in different environments.

Masaki Shintani1,2,3

  • 1a Department of Engineering , Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University , Hamamatsu , Japan.

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry
|January 13, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Mobile genetic elements like the carbazole-degradative plasmid pCAR1 drive bacterial adaptation. Environmental factors and host interactions significantly influence plasmid behavior and bacterial evolution.

Keywords:
DNA rearrangementconjugative transfermobile genetic elementplasmid host

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Bacterial genetics
  • Environmental microbiology

Background:

  • Mobile genetic elements (MGEs), including plasmids, are key drivers of bacterial evolution and adaptation.
  • The carbazole-degradative plasmid pCAR1 from Pseudomonas resinovorans CA10 serves as a model for studying MGE behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the behavior of MGEs in diverse environments, focusing on plasmid pCAR1.
  • To investigate host responses and environmental factors influencing plasmid stability and transfer.

Main Methods:

  • Transcriptome analysis of different host strains carrying pCAR1.
  • Monitoring host survival and plasmid transfer in environmental samples.
  • Single-cell level analysis to determine plasmid transfer range.

Main Results:

  • Carrying pCAR1 induced both common and host-specific transcriptional responses.
  • Environmental factors like cations and water content modulated host and plasmid behavior.
  • Nucleoid-associated proteins encoded by pCAR1 are crucial for its genetic stability, maintenance, and transfer.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental conditions and host-plasmid interactions dynamically regulate MGE behavior.
  • Understanding these dynamics is vital for predicting bacterial adaptation and evolution in various settings.