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Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...

Signs of Puberty

Signs of Puberty

Puberty is a critical phase, typically beginning between the ages of 8 and 13 in girls and 9 and 14 in boys, though timing can vary based on genetics, environmental factors, and overall health. This period is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the attainment of reproductive potential. Endocrine changes underpin puberty, with hormonal surges of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) instigated by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)...

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Published on: January 10, 2025

Hormone therapy for transgender patients.

Cécile A Unger¹

¹Center for Urogynecology & Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery, Center for LGBT Care, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.

Translational Andrology and Urology

|January 13, 2017

Summary

Cross-sex hormone therapy, including testosterone for transgender men and estrogen/anti-androgens for transgender women, is a key part of transition. Careful monitoring of bone, cardiovascular, and metabolic health is crucial for long-term transgender hormone therapy.

Keywords:

Hormone therapy cross-sex hormones gender dysphoria transgender

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Transgender Health
Medical Transition

Background:

Hormone therapy is integral to the medical transition for many transgender individuals.
Testosterone induces virilization in transgender men; estrogen and anti-androgens feminize transgender women.

Approach:

Utilizes established guidelines for candidate selection, treatment regimens, and patient surveillance.
Focuses on managing long-term health considerations, including bone and cardiovascular health.

Key Points:

Cross-sex hormone therapy yields significant positive physical and psychological effects.
Monitoring metabolic indices is essential for patients undergoing long-term hormone therapy.
Established guidelines support safe and effective hormone therapy for transgender individuals.

Conclusions:

Cross-sex hormone therapy is a cornerstone of care for transgender individuals.
Long-term management requires attention to bone health, cardiovascular health, and metabolic parameters.
Adherence to guidelines ensures appropriate candidate selection and treatment protocols.