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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview01:29

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

102
Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
102
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

77
Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
77
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

77
Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
77
Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes01:28

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

79
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450...
79
Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

68
The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
68
Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

57
Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
57

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Related Experiment Video

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Nurses should be up to speed on pharmacogenetic testing.

Heather Skirton1

  • 1Applied health genetics, University of Plymouth.

Nursing Standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987)
|January 14, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Pharmacogenetic testing will soon be a reality in UK healthcare. It will help prevent harm by guiding drug dosage for patients with narrow therapeutic margins.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacogenetics
  • Genomic Medicine
  • Clinical Pharmacology

Background:

  • High expectations for pharmacogenetic testing emerged following the Human Genome Project.
  • Pharmacogenetics is transitioning from research to routine clinical application in the UK.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the practical implementation and utility of pharmacogenetic testing in UK healthcare.
  • To identify patient populations and drug classes where pharmacogenetic testing is most beneficial.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current pharmacogenetic applications and guidelines.
  • Analysis of drug characteristics, including therapeutic margins and side effect profiles.
  • Case examples illustrating the impact of pharmacogenetic testing on patient care.

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Main Results:

  • Pharmacogenetic testing is not universally required for all drugs.
  • Testing is particularly valuable for medications with narrow therapeutic windows.
  • It aids in preventing adverse drug reactions and optimizing patient-specific dosing.

Conclusions:

  • Pharmacogenetics is poised to become an integral part of everyday healthcare in the UK.
  • Its primary role lies in managing drugs where precise dosing is critical to avoid harm.
  • Clinical implementation will focus on maximizing patient safety and therapeutic efficacy.