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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

39.8K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

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Translation in Prokaryotes01:29

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Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

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The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Monitoring eIF4F Assembly by Measuring eIF4E-eIF4G Interaction in Live Cells
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The eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E wears a "cap" for many occasions.

Katherine L B Borden1

  • 1Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal , Montreal, Québec, Canada.

Translation (Austin, Tex.)
|January 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E regulates gene expression beyond translation. It controls mRNA export, stability, and translation, impacting cancer prognosis and acting on specific RNA regulons.

Keywords:
RNA stabilitym7G capmRNA exporttranslation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Gene Regulation

Background:

  • The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is crucial for protein synthesis and proteome composition.
  • Dysregulation of eIF4E is linked to aggressive cancers, highlighting its clinical significance.
  • Traditionally viewed as a translation factor, eIF4E's roles have expanded.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on eIF4E's diverse functions beyond translation.
  • To integrate new discoveries into a comprehensive model of eIF4E activity.
  • To explore context-dependent regulatory mechanisms modulating eIF4E.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of recent research on eIF4E.
  • Analysis of eIF4E's biochemical interactions with mRNA.
  • Examination of eIF4E's localization and function in nucleus and P-bodies.

Main Results:

  • eIF4E binds the mRNA 5' cap, facilitating translation initiation.
  • eIF4E also operates in the nucleus (mRNA export) and P-bodies (mRNA sequestration/stability).
  • Emerging evidence suggests cap-independent mRNA binding by eIF4E.
  • eIF4E targets specific transcripts, forming RNA regulons and co-regulating pathways.
  • Multiple regulatory factors modulate eIF4E activity in a context-dependent manner.

Conclusions:

  • eIF4E is a multifunctional regulator of gene expression, impacting translation, mRNA export, and stability.
  • Its activity is specific, targeting subsets of transcripts and governing RNA regulons.
  • Understanding eIF4E's diverse roles and regulation is key for cancer therapy development.