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Using Microarrays to Interrogate Microenvironmental Impact on Cellular Phenotypes in Cancer
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A framework for how environment contributes to cancer risk.

Michael E Hochberg1,2, Robert J Noble1

  • 1Intstitut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon, CC065, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.

Ecology Letters
|January 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Most modern cancers in animals and humans stem from environmental changes deviating from evolutionary norms. Novel conditions, particularly human-driven ones, significantly increase cancer risk across species.

Keywords:
Ageinganthropogenic impactbody sizecancer riskenvironmentepidemiologyevolutionary mismatchglobal changelongevitymodern lifestylesmutagenspathogens

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Cancer epidemiology
  • Environmental science

Background:

  • Metazoan species possess evolutionary cancer resistance, yet cancer incidence remains high.
  • Quantifying cancer causes and epidemiology presents significant challenges.
  • Existing evolutionary frameworks may not fully account for modern cancer rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the link between environmental factors and cancer incidence in animals and humans.
  • To propose a framework explaining elevated cancer risk due to environmental deviations.
  • To assess the impact of anthropogenic factors on contemporary cancer rates.

Main Methods:

  • Literature survey of cancer epidemiology across diverse animal species.
  • Development of a parameterized mathematical model for human cancer risk.
  • Analysis of environmental factors influencing body size, lifespan, organismal processes, and germline.

Main Results:

  • Modern cancer incidence is largely attributed to environmental conditions deviating from evolutionary norms.
  • Novel environmental factors, especially anthropogenic ones, significantly contribute to cancer risk.
  • A population-level cancer risk exceeding 5% can be partly explained by novel environmental influences.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental shifts, particularly those caused by human activity, are key drivers of current cancer rates.
  • Understanding environmental impacts is crucial for species ecology and cancer prevention.
  • The proposed framework offers insights into the interplay between environment and cancer across taxa.