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Net Change Theorem01:22

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The Net Change Theorem is a fundamental principle in calculus that establishes a direct relationship between a function’s rate of change and its accumulated change over an interval. Mathematically, it states that the definite integral of a function's derivative over a given interval [a,b] yields the net change in the original function:This theorem has significant applications in various real-world scenarios, including physics, economics, and engineering. A particularly useful application...
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The rate of change is a central concept in mathematics that quantifies how one variable varies in response to another. It serves as a foundational tool in modeling dynamic systems across disciplines such as physics, biology, economics, and engineering. Understanding both average and instantaneous rates of change enables the analysis of behavior in functions that describe real-world phenomena.Average Rate of ChangeFor a function f(x) defined over an interval [x1,x2], the average rate of change...
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Whole Body Vibration Methods with Survivors of Polio
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The polio endgame: rationale behind the change in immunisation.

Julie Garon1, Manish Patel2

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Archives of Disease in Childhood
|January 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Oral polio vaccine (OPV) success nears polio eradication, but OPV-linked paralysis is a concern. Global policy shifts to inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and OPV withdrawal mark a major milestone in the polio endgame.

Keywords:
endgameeradicationinactivated polio vaccineoral polio vaccinepoliomyelitis

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Vaccinology
  • Infectious Disease Epidemiology

Background:

  • The global effort to eradicate poliomyelitis has achieved significant success, largely due to the widespread use of oral polio vaccine (OPV).
  • As wild poliovirus cases decline, vaccine-derived poliovirus, particularly from the type-2 component of OPV, has emerged as a concern.
  • The eradication of type-2 poliovirus and the associated risks necessitate a strategic shift in vaccination policies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the global strategy for polio eradication, focusing on the transition from oral polio vaccine (OPV) to inactivated polio vaccine (IPV).
  • To highlight the critical policy changes endorsed by the World Health Assembly, including the phased withdrawal of OPV and introduction of IPV.
  • To underscore the significance of this transition as a key step in the polio endgame.

Main Methods:

  • The study describes the global coordination and implementation of a synchronized switch from trivalent OPV to bivalent OPV.
  • It details the phased introduction of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) into routine immunization programs.
  • Emphasis is placed on the operational readiness, planning, and advocacy required for the successful scale-up of IPV.

Main Results:

  • The global vaccination policy has shifted with the introduction of IPV and the withdrawal of OPV.
  • A synchronized switch from trivalent OPV to bivalent OPV (types 1 and 3) has been successfully implemented.
  • Significant global coordination and country commitment were essential for these policy changes.

Conclusions:

  • The transition to IPV and OPV withdrawal represents a historic milestone in the global polio eradication initiative.
  • These policy changes are crucial for achieving the final stages of polio eradication and preventing vaccine-associated paralysis.
  • The successful implementation demonstrates unprecedented global cooperation in public health.