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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Systemic Immunity Is Required for Effective Cancer Immunotherapy.

Matthew H Spitzer1, Yaron Carmi2, Nathan E Reticker-Flynn3

  • 1Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Baxter Lab in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.

Cell
|January 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Systemic immune responses, not just local ones, are crucial for cancer immunotherapy success. Peripheral immune cells coordinate across tissues to eliminate tumors and prevent new growths.

Keywords:
cancer immunotherapyimmune responsesimmunotherapymass cytometrysecondary lymphoid organssingle-cell analysissystems immunologytumor immunologytumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cancer Research
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Cancer immunotherapy research has primarily focused on the tumor microenvironment.
  • Understanding the broader, organism-wide immune response is essential for improving treatment efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the systemic immune response during cancer immunotherapy.
  • To identify the role of peripheral immune cells in tumor rejection and long-term protection.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized genetically engineered cancer models and mass cytometry for organism-wide immune analysis.
  • Developed novel models for visualizing and statistically inferring single-cell data across multiple tissues.
  • Analyzed immune cell populations and their proliferation in various tissues post-immunotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Immune activation was observed both locally in tumors and systemically shortly after effective immunotherapy.
  • Sustained proliferation of peripheral immune cells was critical during tumor rejection.
  • A distinct population of peripheral CD4 T cells emerged, providing protection against new tumor formation.
  • This expanded CD4 T cell population was also observed in immunotherapy-responding cancer patients.

Conclusions:

  • Systemic immune responses, coordinated across tissues, are vital for effective cancer immunotherapy.
  • Peripheral immune cell proliferation and specific T cell populations play a key role in tumor eradication and immune memory.
  • The study highlights the importance of considering organism-wide immunity for developing next-generation cancer therapies.