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Related Concept Videos

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Plasmids01:28

Plasmids

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Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotic microbes like yeast. These small, circular DNA structures typically contain fewer than 30 genes, although some may exist linearly. Plasmids vary in their number within a cell, known as copy number. Single-copy plasmids are present in one copy per cell and multi-copy plasmids are present in multiple copies, reaching over 100 copies per cell.Plasmids usually replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA...
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Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
Genomic Diversity in Bacteria
Although bacterial genomes are much...
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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing
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Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

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What can we do with 1000 plastid genomes?

Julian Tonti-Filippini1, Paul G Nevill2, Kingsley Dixon2

  • 1ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.

The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology
|January 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Plant plastid genomes offer cost-effective genetic information. Advances in sequencing technology now allow for rapid analysis of over 1000 complete genomes, unlocking new insights in plant biology.

Keywords:
annotationbarcodingchloroplastcis-elementscomparative genomicsgene lossphylogenysynthetic biology

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genomics
  • Molecular biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • The plant plastid genome is small, gene-rich, and present in high copy numbers, making it an efficient source of genetic data.
  • Historically, sequencing efforts were limited to small DNA fragments, but advancements in next-generation sequencing have enabled whole plastid genome sequencing.

Discussion:

  • The public repository now contains over 1000 complete plant plastid genomes, presenting both analytical challenges and opportunities.
  • Analyzing this data deluge can reveal crucial information about plant biology, evolution, and adaptation.

Key Insights:

  • Complete plastid genome sequencing is a cost-effective method for plant genetic discovery.
  • The rapid increase in accessible plastid genome data is transforming plant biology research.

Outlook:

  • Future research will focus on advanced data analysis to extract deeper biological insights.
  • Interdisciplinary approaches, particularly at the intersection of molecular biology and ecology, are expected to yield significant discoveries.