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Related Concept Videos

Ions and Ionic Charges03:27

Ions and Ionic Charges

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In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
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Electron Behavior00:54

Electron Behavior

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Overview
Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that are attracted to an orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in locations that are associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into sub-shells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
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Electron Behavior01:09

Electron Behavior

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Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into subshells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Ionization Energy03:12

Ionization Energy

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The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy (IE1). The first ionization energy for an element, X, is the energy required to form a cation with 1+ charge:
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The Energies of Atomic Orbitals03:21

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas
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Negative Ions in Space.

Thomas J Millar, Catherine Walsh1,2, Thomas A Field

  • 1Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Anions, once thought limited to H-, are now studied in space and Titan

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Area of Science:

  • Astrochemistry and Planetary Science
  • Study of negative ions in extraterrestrial environments

Background:

  • Historically, only the hydride anion (H-) was recognized for its astrophysical significance, particularly in stellar opacity and early universe molecular hydrogen formation.
  • The discovery of C6H- in 2006 and complex anions in Titan's atmosphere in 2007 spurred extensive research into extraterrestrial anion chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the observational evidence and chemical processes involving anions in diverse cosmic environments.
  • To highlight the importance of accurate rate coefficients for chemical kinetic modeling of these systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of observational data from interstellar clouds, circumstellar envelopes, Titan, and cometary comae.
  • Discussion of theoretical models for anion formation and destruction pathways.
  • Emphasis on the role of chemical kinetic modeling informed by accurate rate coefficients.

Main Results:

  • Anions are present and chemically significant in a wider range of extraterrestrial environments than previously assumed.
  • Detection of complex anions in Titan's atmosphere and interstellar space necessitates advanced chemical models.
  • Accurate rate coefficients are crucial for interpreting observational data and understanding anion chemistry.

Conclusions:

  • The study of anions in astrophysics and planetary science has significantly expanded beyond H-.
  • Further research is needed to refine chemical models and understand the full impact of anions in the cosmos.
  • Accurate rate coefficient data is essential for advancing our understanding of extraterrestrial chemical processes.