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Related Concept Videos

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography01:22

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

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IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
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Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography01:24

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography

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IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
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Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies01:28

Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies

547
Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...
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Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:27

Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
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Upper and Lower Tract Urothelial Imaging Using Computed Tomography Urography.

Siva P Raman1, Elliot K Fishman1

  • 1Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, JHOC 3251, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.

Radiologic Clinics of North America
|January 28, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Computed tomography (CT) urography is the optimal noninvasive method for detecting urothelial cancers. Proper imaging protocols, including contrast and timing, are crucial for accurate CT urography evaluation of the urinary tract.

Keywords:
BladderComputed tomography (CT)KidneySingle-bolusSplit-bolusTransitional cell carcinomaUreter

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Urology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Computed tomography (CT) urography is a key noninvasive diagnostic tool for upper urinary tract urothelial malignancies.
  • The effectiveness of CT urography relies significantly on adherence to precise image acquisition protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline optimal CT urography protocols for evaluating urothelial cancers.
  • To detail contrast administration, imaging timing, and ancillary techniques for enhanced collecting system distention.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on optimizing CT urography acquisition parameters.
  • Discuss contrast media administration and imaging timing strategies.
  • Incorporate ancillary techniques to improve urinary tract distention.

Main Results:

  • Standardized protocols enhance the diagnostic accuracy of CT urography.
  • Specific imaging findings indicative of urothelial carcinoma are identified across the intrarenal collecting systems, ureters, and bladder.

Conclusions:

  • Adherence to optimized CT urography protocols is essential for accurate noninvasive evaluation of urothelial malignancies.
  • Understanding specific imaging findings aids in the early detection of urothelial carcinoma throughout the urinary tract.