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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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MOSFET: Enhancement Mode01:22

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Enhancement-mode MOSFETs are pivotal components in electronics, distinguished by their capacity to act as highly efficient switches. They are part of the larger family of metal-oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs). They are available in two types: p-channel and n-channel, each tailored to specific polarity operations.
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Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

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The contact of metal and semiconductor can lead to the formation of a junction with either Schottky or Ohmic behavior.
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Fabrication of Spatially Confined Complex Oxides
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Multiple Supersonic Phase Fronts Launched at a Complex-Oxide Heterointerface.

M Först1,2, K R Beyerlein2,3, R Mankowsky1,2

  • 1Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|January 28, 2017
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optical excitation of a substrate lattice triggers ultrafast insulator-metal transitions in complex-oxide heterostructures. Charge redistribution propagates supersonically, followed by lattice waves, enabling new optically controlled phase change devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Heterointerfaces in complex oxides exhibit unique electronic and magnetic properties.
  • Strain and optical excitation are known methods for controlling phase transitions in these materials.
  • Understanding the dynamics of optically driven phase changes is crucial for device applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the underlying physics of optically driven insulator-metal transitions at complex-oxide heterointerfaces.
  • To differentiate the temporal and spatial dynamics of lattice and charge degrees of freedom.
  • To establish a hierarchy of events governing ultrafast control in these systems.

Main Methods:

  • Time-resolved nonresonant and resonant x-ray diffraction.
  • Selective optical excitation of a LaAlO3 substrate lattice.
  • Measurement of lattice dynamics and charge disproportionation in NdNiO3.
  • Analysis of magnetic disordering and metal-insulator transition dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Coherent lattice distortions in the substrate drive an insulator-to-metal transition in the NdNiO3 film.
  • Charge redistribution propagates at supersonic speeds from the interface into the film.
  • A sonic lattice wave follows the initial charge propagation.
  • A clear hierarchy of events, including magnetic disordering, is established.

Conclusions:

  • Selective optical excitation provides a nonequilibrium route to control phase changes at complex-oxide heterointerfaces.
  • Ultrafast charge redistribution precedes lattice dynamics and magnetic disordering.
  • These findings pave the way for novel optically controlled phase change devices.