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Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Orthotopic Hind Limb Transplantation in the Mouse

Orthotopic Hind Limb Transplantation in the Mouse

Published on: February 12, 2016

The immunologic considerations in human head transplantation.

Mark A Hardy¹, Allen Furr², Juan P Barret³

¹Department of Surgery, Transplantation Program, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 161 Fort, Washington Ave., Herbert Irving Pavilion 5-549, New York, NY, 10032, USA.

International Journal of Surgery (London, England)

|January 29, 2017

Summary

Human head transplantation involves complex immunological challenges. Preventing graft-versus-host and host-versus-graft rejection is critical for success, alongside managing immunosuppression risks.

Keywords:

Composite tissue allotransplantation Frontiers in surgery Head transplantation Reconstructive transplant surgery Tolerance Vascularized composite allografts rejection

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Neuroscience
Transplantation Science

Background:

Human head transplantation (BHT) presents unprecedented immunological challenges.
Understanding neuro-immunological interactions, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB), is crucial.
Brain-specific cellular and humoral elements differ from peripheral tissues, impacting allograft acceptance.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the immunological considerations for human head transplantation (BHT).
To assess the potential benefits and challenges of immunosuppressive strategies used in vascular composite allografts (VCAs) for BHT.
To discuss pre-transplant immunologic manipulation for deceased donors and recipients.

Main Methods:

Review of neuro-immunologic factors relevant to BHT.
Analysis of immunosuppressive medications and their risk/benefit profiles in the context of brain toxicity and nerve regeneration.
Consideration of pre-transplant immunologic conditioning protocols.

Main Results:

BHT success hinges on preventing graft-versus-host and host-versus-graft rejection.
Immunosuppressive drugs pose risks including neurotoxicity, altered nerve regeneration, and increased infection susceptibility.
Pre-transplant manipulation of donor and recipient immunity may be essential.

Conclusions:

Human head transplantation requires overcoming significant immunological hurdles.
Careful selection and management of immunosuppression are vital to mitigate risks.
Further research into neuro-immunology and tailored immunomodulation is necessary for BHT feasibility.