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Is place-value processing in four-digit numbers fully automatic? Yes, but not always.

Javier García-Orza1, Alejandro J Estudillo2, Marina Calleja3

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Understanding number place value is automatic, especially with zeros. This study shows place-value coding is partially automatic, influenced by number perception and properties.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Numerical cognition
  • Mathematical cognition

Background:

  • Place-value understanding is crucial for distinguishing numbers with identical digits.
  • Previous research indicated automatic place-value processing for simple number strings (e.g., 0090).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether place-value is automatically activated for more complex four-digit numbers.
  • To compare automatic place-value activation between numbers with zeros and those with all non-zero digits.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-five participants performed a size congruency task with pairs of four-digit numbers.
  • Numbers varied in digit position and font size, with congruent and incongruent conditions.
  • Two number types were used: three zeros and one non-zero digit, and four non-zero digits.

Main Results:

  • Congruency effects were larger for number pairs with more distant digit positions.
  • This effect was significantly stronger for number strings containing zeros.
  • Place-value coding showed partial automaticity, influenced by perceptual and numerical factors.

Conclusions:

  • Place-value coding is partially automatic, particularly for numbers involving zeros.
  • Perceptual and numerical properties of numbers influence automatic place-value activation.
  • Findings contribute to understanding numerical cognition and automatic processing in mathematics.