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Protein Organization

Protein Organization

Protein Organization

Protein Organization

Proteins are polymers of amino acid residues. They are versatile and responsible for different cellular functions, including DNA replication, molecular transport, catalysis, and structural support. Proteins have a hierarchical structure comprising at least three levels of organization: primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. Some large proteins have a quaternary structure where individual protein subunits are linked together.
The primary structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence....

Protein Families

Protein Families

Protein families are groups of homologous proteins; that is, they have similarities in amino acid sequences and three-dimensional structures. Protein families usually occur because of gene duplication, where an additional copy of a gene is inserted into the genome of an organism. Mutations that change the amino acids but still allow the protein to be properly synthesized, will lead to new protein family members. If these new proteins contain similar amino acids in key...

Protein Families

Protein Families

Protein and Protein Structures

Protein and Protein Structures

Protein Networks

Protein Networks

An organism can have thousands of different proteins, and these proteins must cooperate to ensure the health of an organism. Proteins bind to other proteins and form complexes to carry out their functions. Many proteins interact with multiple other proteins creating a complex network of protein interactions.
These interactions can be represented through maps depicting protein-protein interaction networks, represented as nodes and edges. Nodes are circles that are representative of a protein,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

A Protocol for Computer-Based Protein Structure and Function Prediction

A Protocol for Computer-Based Protein Structure and Function Prediction

Published on: November 3, 2011

Tutorial on Protein Ontology Resources.

Cecilia N Arighi¹, Harold Drabkin², Karen R Christie²

¹Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, 15 Innovation Way, Suite 205, Newark, DE, 19711, USA. arighi@dbi.udel.edu.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|February 3, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The Protein Ontology (PRO) provides a structured framework for protein classes, proteoforms, and complexes. It supports accurate protein annotation and cross-species conservation analysis through its comprehensive website and hierarchical data.

Keywords:

Orthologs Post-translational modification Protein complexes Protein ontology Proteoforms

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Published on: April 11, 2019

Area of Science:

Biomedical Informatics
Proteomics
Bioinformatics

Background:

The Protein Ontology (PRO) is a key resource in the Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) foundry.
It standardizes the representation of protein classes, proteoforms, and complexes.
PRO facilitates accurate protein annotation and analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the PRO framework, its structure, and its relationship with other resources.
To provide a tutorial on navigating and utilizing the PRO website (proconsortium.org).
To illustrate the utility of PRO through diverse examples.

Main Methods:

Description of PRO's hierarchical framework and term categories.
Tutorial on using the PRO website for browsing, searching, and visualization.
Presentation of case studies showcasing PRO's data richness.

Main Results:

PRO offers a hierarchical structure for protein classes, proteoforms, and complexes.
The PRO website provides tools for data exploration, including hierarchical tables, sequence alignments, and network views.
PRO data enables detailed protein annotation, cross-species conservation studies, and semantic reasoning.

Conclusions:

PRO is an essential ontology for standardizing protein information.
The PRO website serves as a valuable resource for researchers.
PRO enhances understanding of protein diversity and function across species.