Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control01:07

Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control

426
Proportional-Derivative (PD) control is a widely used control method in various engineering systems to enhance stability and performance. In a system with only proportional control, common issues include high maximum overshoot and oscillation, observed in both the error signal and its rate of change. This behavior can be divided into three distinct phases: initial overshoot, subsequent undershoot, and gradual stabilization.
Consider the example of control of motor torque. Initially, a positive...
426
PID Controller01:19

PID Controller

835
Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers are widely used in various control systems to enhance stability and performance. In a thermostat, it adjusts heating or cooling based on the temperature difference between the actual and desired levels. They are often used in automotive speed systems, effectively managing sudden speed changes while maintaining a constant speed under varying conditions. On the other hand, PI controllers, commonly employed in voltage regulation, enhance stability...
835
Second Order systems II01:18

Second Order systems II

445
In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
445
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of PI Control01:27

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of PI Control

454
Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers are essential in many control systems to improve stability and performance. They are commonly used in everyday devices like thermostats to enhance system damping and reduce steady-state error. When the zero in the controller's transfer function is optimally placed, the system benefits significantly in terms of stability and accuracy.
Acting as a low-pass filter, the PI controller slows the system's response and extends settling times. This requires...
454
Second Order systems I01:20

Second Order systems I

680
A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
By reinterpreting the system, one can derive the closed-loop transfer function, which...
680
Pole and System Stability01:24

Pole and System Stability

1.1K
The transfer function is a fundamental concept representing the ratio of two polynomials. The numerator and denominator encapsulate the system's dynamics. The zeros and poles of this transfer function are critical in determining the system's behavior and stability.
Simple poles are unique roots of the denominator polynomial. Each simple pole corresponds to a distinct solution to the system's characteristic equation, typically resulting in exponential decay terms in the system's...
1.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Modeling of fermentative polyhydroxyalkanoate production from Cerbera odollam oil using Monod-based and multi-scale kinetic models.

Bioresource technology·2025
Same author

One-pot polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production from Cerbera odollam (sea mango) oil using Pseudomonas resinovorans: Optimal fermentation design and mechanism.

Journal of environmental management·2025
Same author

Insights into the release mechanisms of antioxidants from nanoemulsion droplets.

Journal of food science and technology·2022
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Interactive and Visualized Online Experimentation System for Engineering Education and Research
08:35

Interactive and Visualized Online Experimentation System for Engineering Education and Research

Published on: November 24, 2021

3.0K

Stabilization and PID tuning algorithms for second-order unstable processes with time-delays.

Qiu Han Seer1, Jobrun Nandong2

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia; Curtin Sarawak Research Institute, Curtin University, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia.

ISA Transactions
|February 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

PID controllers can stabilize difficult open-loop unstable systems with time-delays. This study introduces new tuning algorithms for PID control of second-order unstable processes, improving performance and robustness.

Keywords:
PID tuningStability analysisTime-delayUnstable processes

More Related Videos

Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques
09:01

Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques

Published on: April 4, 2017

9.1K
Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer
10:11

Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer

Published on: April 19, 2021

4.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Interactive and Visualized Online Experimentation System for Engineering Education and Research
08:35

Interactive and Visualized Online Experimentation System for Engineering Education and Research

Published on: November 24, 2021

3.0K
Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques
09:01

Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques

Published on: April 4, 2017

9.1K
Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer
10:11

Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer

Published on: April 19, 2021

4.3K

Area of Science:

  • Process Control
  • Control Engineering
  • Systems Stability

Background:

  • Open-loop unstable systems with time-delays are prevalent in the process industry, posing significant control challenges.
  • Existing control methods often struggle with the inherent instability and delays in these systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the stabilization of second-order unstable processes with time-delays using Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers.
  • To develop and validate novel PID tuning algorithms for enhanced closed-loop performance and robustness.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Routh-Hurwitz stability criteria to analyze the necessary and sufficient conditions for PID controller stabilization.
  • Characterized second-order unstable processes as second-order deadtime with one unstable pole (SODUP) and two unstable poles (SODTUP).
  • Developed three simple PID tuning algorithms based on the derived stability regions.

Main Results:

  • Established a clear understanding of the stabilizing ranges for individual PID parameters.
  • The proposed PID tuning algorithms demonstrated improved closed-loop performance and robustness compared to existing methods.
  • Successfully stabilized both SODUP and SODTUP systems within the identified stable parameter regions.

Conclusions:

  • The Routh-Hurwitz analysis effectively defines stable operating regions for PID controllers in unstable, time-delayed systems.
  • The proposed PID tuning algorithms offer a practical and effective solution for controlling challenging second-order unstable processes.
  • This work provides a valuable framework for designing robust PID controllers for industrial applications with unstable dynamics.