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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
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Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
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Hemostasis is a crucial process that prevents excessive blood loss from damaged blood vessels. It involves various mechanisms such as vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion and activation, and fibrin formation. The importance of each mechanism depends on the type of vessel injury. In contrast, thrombosis is the abnormal formation of a blood clot within the blood vessels, leading to potential complications if the clot obstructs blood flow. Thrombosis can be caused by increased coagulability of the...
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Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result from abnormal electrical activity in the heart, affecting its ability to circulate blood efficiently. Tachyarrhythmias, a subset of dysrhythmias, are characterized by abnormally fast heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. Here are some types of tachyarrhythmias with their distinct ECG features:Sinus Tachycardia:Sinus tachycardia presents a regular heart rhythm with an increased rate of 101-180 beats per...
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Update about atrial fibrillation genetics.

Alexandra Pérez-Serra1, Oscar Campuzano, Ramon Brugada

  • 1aCardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona - IDIBGI bCentro Investigación Biomédica en Red. Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV) cDepartment of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona dCardiomyopathies Unit, Hospital Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain.

Current Opinion in Cardiology
|February 8, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic factors significantly contribute to atrial fibrillation, the most common heart rhythm disorder in older adults. Understanding these genetic links is crucial for improving risk assessment and patient care.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Atrial fibrillation is a prevalent cause of illness in the elderly.
  • The underlying mechanisms of this chaotic atrial rhythm remain unclear.
  • Genetic predisposition is increasingly recognized as a factor.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the genetic aspects of atrial fibrillation.
  • To explore the causality of atrial fibrillation through genetic studies.
  • To highlight recent research in the genetic basis of atrial fibrillation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on atrial fibrillation genetics.
  • Analysis of studies identifying genetic variants in affected families.
  • Focus on genetic associations with ionic channels, calcium handling, fibrosis, and inflammation.

Main Results:

  • A family history of atrial fibrillation is present in up to 30% of patients.
  • Genetic studies reveal rare variants in genes affecting ion channels, calcium handling, fibrosis, and inflammation.
  • These genetic factors contribute to the development of atrial fibrillation.

Conclusions:

  • Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained arrhythmia.
  • Its pathophysiology is complex, involving multiple genetic and environmental factors.
  • Understanding the molecular basis is key to improving risk stratification and clinical management.