Fast time-varying linear filters for suppression of baseline drift in electrocardiographic signals

The paper presents a method of linear time-varying filtering, with extremely low computational costs, for the suppression of baseline drift in electrocardiographic (ECG) signals. An ECG signal is not periodic as the length of its heart cycles vary. In order to optimally suppress baseline drift by the use of a linear filter, we need a high-pass filter with time-varying cut-off frequency controlled by instant heart rate.

Realization of the high-pass (HP) filter is based on a narrow-band low-pass (LP) filter of which output is subtracted from the delayed input. The base of an LP filter is an extremely low computational cost Lynn's filter with rectangular impulse response. The optimal cut-off frequency of an HP filter for baseline wander suppression is identical to an instantaneous heart rate. Instantaneous length of heart cycles (e.g. RR intervals) are interpolated between QRS complexes to smoothly control cut-off frequency of the HP filter that has been used.

We proved that a 0.5 dB decrease in transfer function, at a time-varying cut-off frequency of HP filter controlled by an instant heart rate, is acceptable when related to maximum error due to filtering. Presented in the article are the algorithms that enable the realization of time-variable filters with very low computational costs. We propose fast linear HP filters for the suppression of baseline wander with time-varying cut-off frequencies controlled by instant heart rate. The filters fulfil accepted professional standards and increase the efficiency of the noise suppression.