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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

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The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
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Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

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The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
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Ureters01:22

Ureters

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The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
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The Micturition Reflex01:26

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Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Expression of Transgenes in Native Bladder Urothelium Using Adenovirus-Mediated Transduction
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Urothelial cell detachment and differentiation in urinary bladder.

Kristijan Jezernik1, Rok Romih1, Peter Veranič

  • 1Institute of Cell Biology, Medical faculty, Lipičeva 2, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia, , , , , , SI.

Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology
|February 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Urinary bladder urothelial cell differentiation can be identified by changes in cell surface structures. Microvilli patterns and asymmetric unit membrane (AUM) plaque formation serve as key biomarkers for assessing urothelial cell differentiation.

Keywords:
Key words Urinary bladderdifferentiationunit membrane (AUM)urothelium ċ asymmetric

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Area of Science:

  • Urothelial biology
  • Cell differentiation
  • Biomarker discovery

Background:

  • Bladder development and repair involve urothelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and shedding.
  • Assessing urothelial differentiation is crucial for understanding bladder health and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between urothelial cell surface morphology and differentiation.
  • To identify reliable microstructural biomarkers for urothelial cell differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Microscopic examination of urothelial cell surfaces.
  • Analysis of microvilli patterns and asymmetric unit membrane (AUM) plaque formation.

Main Results:

  • Immature urothelial cells exhibit microvilli.
  • Differentiating cells show microvilli arranged in rows.
  • Terminally differentiated cells display characteristic ridge patterns and AUM plaque formation.

Conclusions:

  • Urothelial cell surface microstructure, including microvilli patterns and AUM plaques, serves as a valuable biomarker for differentiation.
  • These morphological changes can be used to detect the differentiation level of urothelial cells.