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Related Concept Videos

Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

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Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a...
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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Lateralization01:28

Lateralization

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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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Sex-linked Disorders

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Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
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X-linked Traits01:19

X-linked Traits

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In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
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The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
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Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age
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Published on: May 1, 2020

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Explaining the sex difference in dyslexia.

Anne B Arnett1, Bruce F Pennington2, Robin L Peterson3,4

  • 1Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
|February 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Males show greater variance in reading performance, explaining their higher dyslexia rates. Cognitive factors like processing speed and inhibitory control partially mediate this sex difference.

Keywords:
Readingdyslexiainhibitionprocessing speedsex differenceverbal reasoning

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Males are diagnosed with dyslexia more frequently than females.
  • This disparity may stem from greater variance in males' reading performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To rigorously test the variance difference theory explaining sex differences in dyslexia.
  • To investigate the mediation of sex differences by cognitive correlates.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an analytic framework for group differences in psychiatric disorders.
  • Applied framework to analyze sex differences in reading performance and cognitive correlates.

Main Results:

  • Males' overrepresentation in the low reading performance tail was explained by mean and variance differences.
  • Processing speed and inhibitory control partially mediated the sex difference in dyslexia.
  • Verbal reasoning was identified as a cognitive strength in males.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support the variance difference theory for sex disparities in dyslexia.
  • Results complement previous research on processing speed mediation in ADHD.
  • Helps explain the comorbidity of dyslexia and ADHD.