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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

31.4K
The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
31.4K
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

2.0K
The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
2.0K
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

4.0K
Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction...
4.0K
Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes02:14

Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

8.1K
The low reactivity in alkanes can be attributed to the non-polar nature of C–C and C–H σ bonds. Alkanes, therefore, were  initially termed as “paraffins,” derived from the Latin words: parum, meaning “too little,” and affinis, meaning “affinity.”
Alkanes undergo combustion in the presence of excess oxygen and high-temperature conditions to give carbon dioxide and water. A combustion reaction is the energy source in natural gas, liquified...
8.1K
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

21.8K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
21.8K
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism01:10

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

4.5K
Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes cyanohydrin formation. The ions are generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. Once the cyanide ions are generated, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ions on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. This attack shifts the π electrons from the C=O to the oxygen atom forming the alkoxide ion intermediate. The alkoxide anion...
4.5K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

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Nanocarbon condensation in detonation.

Sorin Bastea1

  • 1Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Energetic Materials Center, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.

Scientific Reports
|February 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary

We propose a new method to predict carbon nanoparticle size from explosives, considering nucleation and entropy. This approach improves understanding of chemical equilibrium in energetic materials.

Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Understanding nanoparticle formation is crucial for energetic materials.
  • Existing models may not fully capture the complexities of nanoparticle nucleation in reactive environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define Gibbs free energy for nanoparticles in reactive fluids.
  • To develop a predictive model for carbon nanoparticle size from explosive detonations.
  • To incorporate absolute entropy effects into nucleation theory.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Gibbs free energy for nanoparticles.
  • Modeling carbon nanoparticle condensation as a nucleation process.
  • Inclusion of absolute entropy effects of cluster populations.

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Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry
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Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry

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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
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Main Results:

  • The proposed approach predicts carbon nanoparticle sizes consistent with experimental data.
  • Absolute entropy effects are shown to be significant for chemical equilibrium in carbon-rich energetic materials.
  • The model provides insights into nucleation processes under reactive conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The study offers a refined understanding of nanoparticle formation in reactive systems.
  • The findings are relevant for optimizing energetic materials and other nucleation applications.
  • Entropy considerations are vital for accurate chemical equilibrium predictions.