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Related Concept Videos

Other Nuclides: 31P, 19F, 15N NMR01:16

Other Nuclides: 31P, 19F, 15N NMR

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Many organic, inorganic, and biological molecules contain spin-half nuclei such as nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, and phosphorus-31. As a result, NMR studies of these nuclei have found extensive applications in chemical and biological research.
While fluorine-19 and phosphorous-31 have high natural abundances (100%) and positive gyromagnetic ratios, nitrogen-15 has a low natural abundance and a negative gyromagnetic ratio. However, nitrogen-15 is still preferred over nitrogen-14 (which has a...
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VSEPR Theory and the Effect of Lone Pairs04:01

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Effect of Lone Pairs of Electrons on Molecule Geometry
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The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule03:02

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To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and continuing across the periods of the periodic table, we add one proton at a time to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell until we have described the electron configurations of all the elements. This procedure is called the aufbau principle, from the German word aufbau (“to build up”). Each added electron occupies the...
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Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

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In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the...
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Exceptions to the Octet Rule02:55

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

38.2K
Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:
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Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur02:30

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Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
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Protein WISDOM: A Workbench for In silico De novo Design of BioMolecules
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The Necessary Nitrogen Atom: A Versatile High-Impact Design Element for Multiparameter Optimization.

Lewis D Pennington1, Demetri T Moustakas1

  • 1Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Modeling and Informatics, Alkermes, Plc , 852 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States.

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Incorporating nitrogen atoms into aromatic rings is a powerful strategy for optimizing drug candidates. This molecular design element significantly enhances pharmacological properties, reducing development time and improving drug efficacy.

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Area of Science:

  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Drug Design
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Biomedical research aims to shorten drug development cycles.
  • Optimizing lead compounds requires efficient molecular design.
  • Improving molecular and physicochemical properties is crucial for drug candidates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the impact of nitrogen atom incorporation in aromatic systems.
  • To present nitrogen as a key design element for multiparameter optimization.
  • To demonstrate the potential for significant improvements in pharmacological profiles.

Main Methods:

  • Review of molecular design principles.
  • Analysis of nitrogen substitution in aromatic and heteroaromatic systems.
  • Evaluation of effects on molecular properties and interactions.

Main Results:

  • Nitrogen atom replacement influences molecular properties and interactions.
  • This strategy can lead to substantial improvements in pharmacological parameters (10- to 1000-fold).
  • Nitrogen serves as a versatile tool for multiparameter optimization.

Conclusions:

  • The strategic use of nitrogen atoms is a high-impact approach in drug design.
  • Nitrogen incorporation can accelerate the optimization of chemical probes and drug candidates.
  • This design element offers a pathway to enhanced pharmacological profiles and reduced development timelines.