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Related Concept Videos

Inflammation01:38

Inflammation

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Overview
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair

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The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
The typical wound exudate is odorless, transparent, straw-colored, thin, and watery. Exudate, however, can differ depending on the state of wound healing. Likewise, the...
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Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
Crohn's disease
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
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Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation

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It's time to redefine inflammation.

Maria Antonelli1, Irving Kushner2

  • 1Division of Rheumatology, Case Western Reserve University at MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
|February 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The traditional definition of inflammation as a response to injury or infection is outdated. New evidence suggests inflammation is an innate immune response to various harmful stimuli, including metabolic stress.

Keywords:
C-reactive proteinClaude Bernardhomeostasisinnate immunityunfolded protein response

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Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pathology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The established definition of inflammation is a response to tissue injury or infection.
  • Recent findings show inflammatory molecules and cells are activated in conditions lacking these triggers.
  • Elevated C-reactive protein, a marker of inflammation, is linked to numerous conditions reflecting minor metabolic stresses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a redefined understanding of inflammation.
  • To incorporate new scientific evidence into the definition of inflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on inflammation.
  • Analysis of the role of sentinel cells and inflammatory molecules in homeostasis.
  • Re-evaluation of the triggers and functions of inflammation.

Main Results:

  • Inflammation is triggered by sentinel cells detecting deviations from homeostasis.
  • Inflammatory processes contribute to restoring normal homeostasis.
  • A broader range of stimuli, including metabolic stress, activate inflammatory pathways.

Conclusions:

  • The current definition of inflammation requires revision.
  • Inflammation should be recognized as the innate immune response to potentially harmful stimuli.
  • This includes pathogens, injury, and metabolic stress, reflecting a more comprehensive understanding of its role in health and disease.