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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP02:36

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP

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Chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, is an antibody-based technique used to identify sites on DNA that bind to transcription factors of interest or histone proteins. It also helps determine the type of histone modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation, or methylation.
Types of ChIP
ChIP can be divided into two types - X-ChIP and N-ChIP. X-ChIP involves in vivo cross-linking of histones and regulatory proteins to DNA, fragmenting the DNA by sonication, and isolating the protein-DNA...
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Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at...
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP in Mouse T-cell Lines
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP in Mouse T-cell Lines

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Cutting Edge: Chromatin Accessibility Programs CD8 T Cell Memory.

Christopher D Scharer1, Alexander P R Bally1, Bhanu Gandham1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|February 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Memory CD8 T cells exhibit a preprogrammed chromatin structure, enabling faster recall of effector functions. This molecular memory reduces the steps needed to activate these crucial immune cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • CD8 T cell memory is functionally defined by enhanced effector function, proliferation, and reduced activation thresholds.
  • The underlying molecular mechanisms driving these memory properties remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular basis of CD8 T cell memory by mapping cis-regulatory elements.
  • To identify regulatory modules and transcription factor-binding motifs associated with memory CD8 T cell function.

Main Methods:

  • Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) was used to profile cis-regulatory elements in CD8 T cells.
  • Chromatin accessibility data was integrated with gene expression profiles from cells responding to viral infections.

Main Results:

  • Unique regulatory modules and transcription factor-binding motifs were identified in memory CD8 T cells.
  • Memory CD8 T cells showed a distinct chromatin accessibility profile, including key effector and proliferative genes, absent in acute or exhausted cells.
  • Stimulation of memory cells revealed enhanced transcription of 'memory-primed' genes compared to naive cells.

Conclusions:

  • Memory CD8 T cells possess a preprogrammed chromatin accessibility profile.
  • This molecular history of cis-element usage facilitates rapid reactivation of effector functions by reducing activation steps.