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Definition and Measurement of Pressure: Atmospheric Pressure, Barometer, and Manometer

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

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Published on: June 8, 2015

A Proposed Dynamic Pressure and Temperature Primary Standard.

Gregory J Rosasco¹, Vern E Bean¹, Wilbur S Hurst¹

¹National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

|February 10, 2017

Summary

Diatomic gas molecules can act as sensors for dynamic pressure and temperature measurements. Laser spectroscopy allows for rapid, accurate readings, enabling new primary standards for these variables.

Keywords:

Raman spectrum dynamic calibrations dynamic sources molecular transducer nonlinear optical spectroscopy pressure primary standard temperature transducers

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Last Updated: Mar 7, 2026

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Published on: April 3, 2018

Area of Science:

Physics
Spectroscopy
Thermodynamics

Background:

Diatomic gas molecules exhibit pressure-dependent vibrational frequencies and temperature-dependent rotational energy level populations.
Laser spectroscopy can determine these spectral properties, enabling gas molecules to function as sensors.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the potential of diatomic gas molecules as primary standards for dynamic pressure and temperature measurements.
To understand the pressure and temperature dependence of molecular spectra under static conditions.

Main Methods:

Utilizing laser spectroscopy to measure vibrational frequencies and rotational energy level populations.
Employing coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) for dynamic measurements.

Main Results:

Spectra of selected molecules under static conditions are now understood regarding pressure and temperature effects.
Feasibility studies indicate potential for measuring dynamic pressure up to 10^8 Pa and temperature up to 1500 K with 5% uncertainty.

Conclusions:

Diatomic gas molecules are promising candidates for dynamic pressure and temperature primary standards due to rapid spectroscopic measurement capabilities.
The temporal response is limited by molecular equilibration times, with CARS showing feasibility for high-pressure and high-temperature dynamic measurements.