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Loperamide misuse and abuse.

Heather Miller, Ladan Panahi, Daniel Tapia

    Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : Japha
    |February 13, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Loperamide misuse and abuse is rising in the United States. This trend highlights the need for pharmacists to monitor and restrict sales of loperamide to prevent potential harm.

    Area of Science:

    • Pharmacology
    • Toxicology
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Opioid prescription deaths led to rescheduling of hydrocodone products.
    • Opioid users are misusing loperamide for withdrawal and euphoria.
    • This study examines the increasing trend of loperamide misuse and toxicity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To discuss the potential for loperamide misuse and abuse.
    • To examine trends in loperamide toxicity cases.

    Main Methods:

    • A PubMed search of MEDLINE identified case reports of loperamide abuse.
    • Data on loperamide misuse cases were collected from the National Poison Database System.
    • Analysis included patient characteristics and reported toxicities.

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    Main Results:

    • 54 cases of loperamide toxicity were published from 1985 to 2016.
    • A significant increase in reported cases occurred after 2014.
    • 179 intentional misuse cases were reported to the National Poison Database System between 2008 and 2016.

    Conclusions:

    • Loperamide misuse and abuse are increasing in the United States.
    • Pharmacists should monitor and restrict loperamide sales.
    • This trend necessitates increased vigilance in healthcare settings.