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Fates of Pyruvate01:20

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Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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Progress and perspectives on improving butanol tolerance.

Siqing Liu1, Nasib Qureshi2, Stephen R Hughes3

  • 1Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA. Siqing.liu@ars.usda.gov.

World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology
|February 13, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Butanol fermentation for biofuels faces toxicity challenges. This review explores microbial responses to butanol stress and genetic strategies to enhance biofuel production and tolerance in key industrial microorganisms.

Keywords:
ButanolFermentationStrain developmentTolerance

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology and Biofuels
  • Microbial Physiology
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Butanol fermentation is a promising renewable technology for biofuels and chemical feedstocks.
  • Microbial toxicity to butanol hinders cost-effective production and recovery.
  • Developing butanol-tolerant strains is crucial for advancing this technology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review microbial responses to high butanol concentrations.
  • To explore genetic engineering strategies for improved butanol tolerance and production.
  • To identify key genes and physiological mechanisms conferring butanol resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on butanol tolerance in various microorganisms.
  • Analysis of inherent microbial responses to butanol stress.
  • Examination of genetic engineering approaches to enhance butanol production.

Main Results:

  • Different microorganisms exhibit varied inherent tolerance mechanisms to butanol.
  • Genetic engineering efforts have shown promise in improving butanol tolerance in several strains.
  • Understanding butanol resistance physiology is key to strain development.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced microbial butanol tolerance is achievable through understanding inherent responses and targeted genetic engineering.
  • This review consolidates knowledge to guide future strain development for efficient butanol fermentation.
  • Identifying specific butanol tolerance genes will accelerate the development of superior microbial cell factories.