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Horizontal Gene Transfer01:27

Horizontal Gene Transfer

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Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process where genetic material moves between organisms within the same generation, unlike vertical gene transfer, which occurs from parent to offspring. HGT plays a crucial role in microbial evolution, adaptation, and survival, particularly in shared environments like the human gut.Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages, integrons, insertion sequences, and transposons facilitate this process. HGT occurs through three primary mechanisms:...
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Genetic transfer occurs when genetic information is passed from one organism to another. It occurs via two mechanisms: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer occurs when genetic information is transferred from one generation to the next, which happens much more frequently than horizontal gene transfer. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are forms of vertical gene transfer, where one or more organisms pass some or all of their genome onto their progeny.
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In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two pneumonia strains in mice: one pathogenic and one non-pathogenic. Only the pathogenic strain killed host mice.
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Quantification of Plasmid-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance in an Experimental Evolution Approach
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Plasmid and clonal interference during post horizontal gene transfer evolution.

S Bedhomme1,2, D Perez Pantoja3, I G Bravo2

  • 1Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5175, 34293, Montpellier, France.

Molecular Ecology
|February 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plasmids confer antibiotic resistance but incur cellular costs. This study shows rapid evolution of resistance genes, demonstrating local adaptation and clonal interference within and between bacterial cells.

Keywords:
antibiotic resistanceclonal interferencecodon usage preferencesmultilevel selectionplasmid

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Plasmids are mobile genetic elements capable of self-replication and horizontal gene transfer within host cells.
  • While plasmids can provide adaptive advantages, such as antibiotic resistance, they also impose fitness costs on host cells.
  • The interplay between plasmid spread and host cell fitness drives multilevel selection processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the short-term evolutionary dynamics of plasmid-encoded antibiotic resistance genes.
  • To analyze the impact of different synonymous gene versions on bacterial adaptation.
  • To understand the role of clonal interference in plasmid evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Engineered experimental system to study plasmid evolution.
  • Applied experimental evolution under varying antibiotic selection pressures.
  • Utilized deep sequencing to analyze genetic changes and adaptation.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated rapid local adaptation to antibiotic presence and specific resistance gene variants.
  • Observed clonal interference at both within-cell (multiple plasmids) and between-cell (multiple clones) levels.
  • Quantified the fitness consequences of plasmid carriage and gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • Horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes drives rapid bacterial adaptation.
  • Clonal interference significantly influences the evolutionary trajectory of plasmids and host populations.
  • Understanding plasmid dynamics is crucial for combating antibiotic resistance spread.