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Life-history strategy determines constraints on immune function.

Benjamin J Parker1,2, Seth M Barribeau1,3, Alice M Laughton1,4

  • 1Department of Biology, Emory University, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, 1510 E. Clifton Rd. N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.

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Winged pea aphids incur higher immunity costs and show reduced pathogen resistance compared to unwinged aphids. This highlights how polyphenism, or different life-history strategies, impacts immune investment and effectiveness.

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ecological immunologyfitness trade-offshost-pathogen interactionsinnate immunitypea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum)polyphenism

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Area of Science:

  • * Evolutionary Ecology
  • * Immunology
  • * Behavioral Ecology

Background:

  • * Host-pathogen dynamics are shaped by investment in immunity, often viewed through life-history theory.
  • * Immunity investment is expected to balance disease risk against fitness costs, but how these costs vary with life-history strategy is unclear.
  • * Pea aphids exhibit polyphenism, producing winged morphs under stress, offering a model to study immunity costs across distinct life-history strategies within a genetically identical population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the relationship between immunity costs, pathogen resistance, and immune response strength in winged versus unwinged pea aphids.
  • * To determine if immunity costs differ between aphid morphs with distinct life-history strategies.
  • * To explore the role of polyphenism in mediating the expression of immunity costs.

Main Methods:

  • * Measured fecundity of winged and unwinged pea aphids exposed to a heat-inactivated fungal pathogen.
  • * Assessed survival and pathogen load after challenge with live fungal infection.
  • * Quantified immune response by measuring immune cell concentration and gene expression in both morphs.

Main Results:

  • * Immune costs were observed only in winged aphids, affecting their fecundity.
  • * Winged aphids exhibited lower survival rates and higher pathogen loads compared to unwinged aphids after live fungal infection.
  • * Winged aphids displayed a weaker immune response, characterized by lower immune cell concentration and altered gene expression, despite higher energetic investment in wing production.

Conclusions:

  • * Polyphenism significantly influences the expression and costs associated with immunity.
  • * Winged pea aphids pay higher fitness costs for a less effective immune response, challenging the assumption of optimized immunity investment.
  • * Understanding context-dependent constraints, such as life-history strategies and polyphenism, is crucial for predicting optimal immune investment in organisms.