Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

76
Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
76
Vascular Resistance01:20

Vascular Resistance

12.2K
Vascular resistance is a critical concept in understanding blood flow dynamics in the circulatory system. It refers to the resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels. This resistance is a key factor in determining blood pressure and cardiac workload.
The primary determinants of vascular resistance are vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and vessel length. Among these, vessel diameter plays the most significant role due to the fourth power relationship described by...
12.2K
Structure of Blood Vessels01:15

Structure of Blood Vessels

10.2K
Blood is circulated throughout the human body through a network of blood vessels called the circulatory system. This system includes arteries that transport blood from the heart to various body parts. These arterial pathways divide into smaller vessels until they reach the arterioles, which further split into capillaries. It is within these minuscule capillaries that the exchange of nutrients and waste products takes place. After this exchange, the blood is collected by venules, which fuse to...
10.2K
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

3.8K
Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
3.8K
Autoregulation of Blood Flow01:17

Autoregulation of Blood Flow

8.5K
Autoregulation mechanisms are characterized by their inherent capacity for self-regulation without necessitating specific nervous stimulation or endocrine control. These mechanisms facilitate the adjustment of blood flow and, therefore, perfusion specific to each tissue region. This self-regulation encompasses chemical signals and myogenic controls.
Chemical Signaling in Autoregulation
Chemical signaling operates at the precapillary sphincter level, inciting either contraction or relaxation....
8.5K
Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators01:23

Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators

2.4K
Vasodilators, primarily affecting the smooth muscles within arterial and venous walls, are commonly used for hypertension treatment. Medications such as minoxidil and hydralazine primarily target arteries and arterioles, while sodium nitroprusside acts on arterioles and venules. Minoxidil, functioning as a prodrug, is metabolized by hepatic sulfotransferase into its active form, minoxidil sulfate, after oral administration. This metabolite binds to the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) component of...
2.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Neo-antigen specific T cell responses indicate the presence of metastases before imaging.

Scientific reports·2019
Same author

Diagnosis of traumatic brain injury using miRNA signatures in nanomagnetically isolated brain-derived extracellular vesicles.

Lab on a chip·2018
Same author

Interventions to reduce vasovagal reactions in blood donors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Transfusion medicine (Oxford, England)·2016
Same author

Cell therapy for heart disease: Trial sequential analyses of two Cochrane reviews.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2016
Same author

A randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of saxagliptin as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control on metformin plus a sulphonylurea.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·2013
Same author

Egocentric spaw representation in early vision.

Journal of cognitive neuroscience·2013

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Isolation of Primary Patient-specific Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells and Semiquantitative Real-time Contraction Measurements In Vitro
08:28

Isolation of Primary Patient-specific Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells and Semiquantitative Real-time Contraction Measurements In Vitro

Published on: February 15, 2022

4.4K

Smooth Muscle Phenotypic Diversity: Effect on Vascular Function and Drug Responses.

S A Fisher1

  • 1University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.

Advances in Pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.)
|February 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) diversity impacts blood flow regulation and drug responses. Understanding VSM

Keywords:
CalciumContractilityMyosin phosphataseNitric oxideSignalingSplicingTranscription

More Related Videos

Assessment of Vascular Tone Responsiveness using Isolated Mesenteric Arteries with a Focus on Modulation by Perivascular Adipose Tissues
08:41

Assessment of Vascular Tone Responsiveness using Isolated Mesenteric Arteries with a Focus on Modulation by Perivascular Adipose Tissues

Published on: June 3, 2019

10.4K
Isolation of Murine Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
08:24

Isolation of Murine Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Published on: May 30, 2016

14.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Isolation of Primary Patient-specific Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells and Semiquantitative Real-time Contraction Measurements In Vitro
08:28

Isolation of Primary Patient-specific Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells and Semiquantitative Real-time Contraction Measurements In Vitro

Published on: February 15, 2022

4.4K
Assessment of Vascular Tone Responsiveness using Isolated Mesenteric Arteries with a Focus on Modulation by Perivascular Adipose Tissues
08:41

Assessment of Vascular Tone Responsiveness using Isolated Mesenteric Arteries with a Focus on Modulation by Perivascular Adipose Tissues

Published on: June 3, 2019

10.4K
Isolation of Murine Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
08:24

Isolation of Murine Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Published on: May 30, 2016

14.9K

Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Blood flow resistance is primarily regulated by vascular smooth muscle (VSM) contraction.
  • VSM tone is controlled by the balance of myosin kinase and phosphatase activities, affecting myosin ATPase phosphorylation.
  • Mammalian vasculature exhibits complex regulation due to VSM phenotypic diversity, optimizing vascular function and control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the phenotypic diversity within VSM.
  • To present examples of how molecular diversity impacts arterial smooth muscle function and drug responses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on VSM phenotypic diversity.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms in signaling, myofilament, and calcium cycling proteins.
  • Examination of impacts on arterial smooth muscle function and drug responses.

Main Results:

  • VSM exhibits significant phenotypic diversity, leading to varied power outputs and signaling pathway responses.
  • Molecular variations in signaling, myofilament, and calcium cycling proteins influence arterial smooth muscle function.
  • This diversity is crucial for understanding pharmacomechanical coupling and drug efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • VSM phenotypic and molecular diversity are key to understanding vascular tone regulation.
  • This diversity underlies the development and effectiveness of drugs targeting vascular tone.
  • Further research into VSM diversity can optimize therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases.