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Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

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Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Glaucoma: Overview01:25

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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

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Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Author Spotlight: A Novel Protocol for Intracameral Injections to Enhance Precision in Rodent Ophthalmology
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Topical medication instillation techniques for glaucoma.

Li Xu1, Xuemei Wang2, Meijing Wu3

  • 1Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hainan Eye Hospital, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Haikou, Hainan Province, China.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|February 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Topical medication instillation techniques for glaucoma show limited evidence of effectiveness. Current research is insufficient to determine their impact on intraocular pressure (IOP) or adverse events.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Clinical Trials
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness globally.
  • Topical medications are the primary treatment to lower intraocular pressure (IOP).
  • Instillation techniques like eyelid closure may enhance ocular absorption and reduce systemic absorption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the effectiveness of topical medication instillation techniques in glaucoma management.
  • To compare these techniques against usual care or alternative instillation methods.

Main Methods:

  • Included randomized controlled trials comparing topical medication instillation techniques.
  • Searched multiple databases (CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, LILACS, IPA, mRCT, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO ICTRP) up to December 2016.
  • Two authors independently screened studies, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data.

Main Results:

  • Two trials (61 participants) evaluated instillation techniques; two ongoing trials were identified.
  • Eyelid closure showed no significant difference in IOP reduction compared to no eyelid closure (moderate-certainty evidence).
  • Wiping excess fluid reduced eyelash length and hyperpigmentation but had uncertain effects on other dermatologic issues (low-certainty evidence).

Conclusions:

  • There is a lack of evidence to support the effectiveness of topical medication instillation techniques for glaucoma.
  • The impact of these techniques on topical medical therapy for glaucoma remains unclear.