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Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Human Fetal Blood Flow Quantification with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Motion Compensation

Human Fetal Blood Flow Quantification with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Motion Compensation

Published on: January 7, 2021

Image-based background phase error correction in 4D flow MRI revisited.

Julia Busch¹, Daniel Giese², Sebastian Kozerke^1,3

¹Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : JMRI

|February 23, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Image-based correction in 4D Flow MRI effectively reduces background phase errors. However, limited stationary tissue in vivo restricts this correction to only first-order spatial errors.

Keywords:

4D Flow MRI background phase error cardiac magnetic resonance imaging phase-contrast velocity mapping

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Last Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Human Fetal Blood Flow Quantification with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Motion Compensation

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Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Rat Common Carotid Artery

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Published on: September 5, 2018

Area of Science:

Medical Imaging
Biophysics
Cardiovascular Imaging

Background:

Phase-contrast MRI is crucial for cardiovascular flow assessment.
Background phase errors can compromise the accuracy of 4D Flow MRI.
Image-based correction using stationary tissue is a common but potentially limited method.

Purpose of the Study:

To comprehensively evaluate background phase errors in 4D Flow MRI.
To assess the limitations of image-based correction techniques.
To determine the minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and stationary tissue requirements for effective correction.

Main Methods:

Phantom studies using 4D Flow MRI on two 3T MR systems.
Analysis of background errors' spatial order (1st-3rd order).
In vivo aorta scans in five healthy subjects with stationary phantom reference scans.

Main Results:

Background errors exhibited spatial variations from first to third order.
A minimum SNR of 20 was required for <0.4% error.
Stationary tissue requirements: 25% (1st order), 60% (2nd order), 75% (3rd order).
In vivo data showed only first-order correction was significant with 35-41% stationary tissue.

Conclusions:

Background phase errors in 4D Flow MRI necessitate polynomial correction.
Limited in vivo stationary tissue restricts image-based correction to first-order spatial errors.
Understanding these limitations is key for accurate flow quantification.