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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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CRISPR01:59

CRISPR

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms
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Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms

Published on: May 25, 2018

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CRISPR/CAS9 Technologies.

Bart O Williams1, Matthew L Warman2

  • 1Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
|February 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system revolutionizes biology by enabling precise DNA editing and gene expression modulation in eukaryotes. This powerful tool makes complex genetic experiments more accessible and cost-effective for researchers worldwide.

Keywords:
ANIMAL MODELSGENE EDITINGMOLECULAR BIOLOGY

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) pathway is a prokaryotic immune system.
  • Recent modifications have adapted this system for use in eukaryotic research.
  • This adaptation has significantly lowered the barriers for complex genetic experimentation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the engineered components of the CRISPR/Cas system for eukaryotic applications.
  • To explain the utility of CRISPR/Cas for genetic modification and gene expression regulation.
  • To highlight its role in discovering new biological pathway participants.

Main Methods:

  • Description of engineered CRISPR/Cas system components for eukaryotic use.
  • Explanation of methodologies for genetic modification of cell lines and model organisms.
  • Overview of techniques for regulating gene expression using CRISPR/Cas.

Main Results:

  • The CRISPR/Cas system has been successfully engineered for efficient DNA editing in eukaryotes.
  • Gene expression modulation is achievable in living eukaryotic cells and organisms.
  • The system facilitates genetic modification of cell lines and model organisms.

Conclusions:

  • The engineered CRISPR/Cas system provides a powerful and accessible tool for biological research.
  • It enables previously risky or costly genetic experiments, accelerating scientific discovery.
  • CRISPR/Cas is instrumental in identifying novel participants in biological pathways.