Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

3.0K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
3.0K
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

9.6K
The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
9.6K
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

85.4K
Overview
85.4K
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

97
Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
97
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

3.2K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
3.2K
Lymphoid Cells and Tissues01:18

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

3.6K
Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Lymphoid cells consist of various types of immune system cells. These include B and T lymphocytes, which are responsible for producing antibodies and killing infected cells, respectively. Dendritic cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive...
3.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

NK cell hyperactivation drives macrophage repolarization and limits M2 bias in pemphigus vulgaris.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

Deoxycholic acid (DCA) alleviates LPS-induced inflammatory bone loss via modulating the "Gut-Bone" homeostasis.

Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie·2026
Same author

Effectiveness of Cyclosporine in Parthenium Dermatitis: A Prospective Study to Evaluate Treatment Outcomes and Inflammatory Cytokine Levels.

Contact dermatitis·2026
Same author

Lactobacillus acidophilus Ameliorates Inflammatory Bone Loss Under Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Conditions via Modulating the Gut-Resident RORγT<sup>-</sup> pTreg Cell Population.

Journal of cellular physiology·2025
Same author

RASSF1A and its epigenetic dysregulation in genitourinary cancer: a current update.

Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico·2025
Same author

Determination of Lead Isotopes and Trace Elements in Synthetic and Geological Glass Materials (NIST-610, BHVO-2G, BIR-1G, BCR-2G, TB-1, and GSD-1G) Using LA-HR-ICPMS.

Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Author Spotlight: Elucidating the Pathways of TFH Cell Differentiation in Acute LCMV Challenges
05:03

Author Spotlight: Elucidating the Pathways of TFH Cell Differentiation in Acute LCMV Challenges

Published on: April 26, 2024

1.3K

T helper cells in leprosy: An update.

Chaman Saini1, Mohd Tarique1, Reeta Rai1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.

Immunology Letters
|February 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, presents varied clinical forms due to immune responses. This review explores T cell and cytokine dysregulation, including regulatory T cells (Treg) and Th17 cells, in leprosy pathogenesis.

Keywords:
T helper cellsTh17Treg and anergy

More Related Videos

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper cTfh Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry
07:39

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper cTfh Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

Published on: January 7, 2019

12.9K
Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
07:07

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2020

5.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Author Spotlight: Elucidating the Pathways of TFH Cell Differentiation in Acute LCMV Challenges
05:03

Author Spotlight: Elucidating the Pathways of TFH Cell Differentiation in Acute LCMV Challenges

Published on: April 26, 2024

1.3K
Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper cTfh Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry
07:39

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper cTfh Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

Published on: January 7, 2019

12.9K
Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
07:07

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2020

5.9K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, with clinical manifestations varying based on host immune response.
  • Tuberculoid (TT) leprosy shows high cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and low antibody (HI) levels, while lepromatous (LL) leprosy exhibits the opposite.
  • The immunological basis for these differences, previously attributed to Th1/Th2 paradigms, remains debated, with mixed cytokine patterns observed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and understand T cell and cytokine dysregulation in leprosy.
  • To investigate the role of regulatory T cells (Treg) and Th17 cells in modulating immune responses in leprosy patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on T cell subsets and cytokine profiles in leprosy.
  • Analysis of existing data on immune responses in tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy.
  • Exploration of the potential involvement of regulatory T cells (Treg) and Th17 cells.

Main Results:

  • Traditional Th1/Th2 paradigms do not fully explain the immune spectrum of leprosy.
  • Many patients exhibit mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine patterns (IFN-γ/IL-4).
  • Regulatory T cells (Treg) and Th17 cells are increasingly implicated in immune regulation and inflammation in leprosy.

Conclusions:

  • T cell and cytokine dysregulation significantly influences leprosy pathogenesis.
  • Regulatory T cells (Treg) and Th17 cells may play crucial roles in modulating immune responses in leprosy.
  • Further research into these regulatory cells could offer new insights into leprosy immunopathology.