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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Opioids as Antidiarrheal Agents01:17

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Opioids as Antidiarrheal Agents

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Diarrhea, a condition marked by frequent loose or watery bowel movements, can be triggered by multiple factors such as viral or bacterial infections, food intolerances, anxiety, medications, and digestive disorders. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and cramping. Severe or prolonged diarrhea can lead to complications like electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition, and dehydration if left untreated.
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Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a subtype of IBS characterized primarily by frequent, loose, or watery stools, abdominal pain, and abdominal discomfort. Therapeutic approaches to managing IBS-D include dietary changes, stress management techniques, and pharmaceutical interventions.
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Diarrhea is characterized by the occurrence of frequent, watery bowel movements. Various factors can trigger diarrhea, including viral or bacterial infections, foodborne illnesses, side effects from certain medications, and underlying digestive disorders. If not adequately managed, diarrhea can lead to complications such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and nutrient deficiencies. Severe diarrhea can lead to significant weight loss, malnutrition, and weakened immune function.
Adsorbents...
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Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS01:21

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Pharmacological therapies for IBS-C are designed to alleviate abdominal discomfort and enhance bowel function. In patients with IBS-C, fiber supplements may help soften stools and decrease straining, but may also lead to increased gas production and bloating. Osmotic laxatives like milk of magnesia are frequently used to soften stools and increase stool frequency in IBS-C patients. In addition, two drugs approved for use in severe IBS-C adult cases are linaclotide (Linzess) and lubiprostone...
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Various diagnostic tests are employed in the diagnostic process for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), particularly to differentiate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Diagnostic studies
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How do FODMAPs work?

Robin Spiller1

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Poorly absorbed carbohydrates like fructose and fructans can cause digestive issues. Glucose can negate fructose

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Human Nutrition
  • Digestive Physiology

Background:

  • Patients frequently report symptom onset after meals.
  • Exclusion diets suggest poorly absorbed, rapidly fermentable carbohydrates may be causative agents.
  • Carbohydrate properties influence water absorption, transit time, and fermentation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of specific carbohydrates in digestive symptoms.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of small bowel water secretion and colonic fermentation.
  • To assess the impact of fructose, glucose, and fructans on gastrointestinal function.

Main Methods:

  • Review of patient-reported symptoms and exclusion diet experiences.
  • Analysis of osmotic forces and water trapping in the small bowel.
  • Utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study small bowel water secretion.
  • Evaluating the effects of different carbohydrate polymers (e.g., inulin) on the colon.

Main Results:

  • Monomeric and short-chain carbohydrate polymers accelerate transit by trapping small bowel water.
  • Longer polymers like inulin pass to the colon unaltered, leading to fermentation and distension.
  • MRI confirmed fructose stimulates small bowel water secretion, which glucose can negate.
  • Fructans do not affect the small intestine but cause colonic distension and bloating.

Conclusions:

  • Poorly absorbed carbohydrates, particularly fructose and fructans, are implicated in post-meal digestive symptoms.
  • The location of carbohydrate fermentation (small bowel vs. colon) dictates the type of symptoms experienced.
  • Glucose may play a protective role against fructose-induced small bowel water secretion.