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Related Concept Videos

The Nucleolus02:55

The Nucleolus

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The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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Nucleoid01:24

Nucleoid

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The nucleoid represents a structurally and functionally distinct region within prokaryotic cells, where the cell's DNA and associated proteins are housed. Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus, and the nucleoid facilitates the organization and accessibility of the genetic material within this constraint. The DNA in most bacteria and archaea exists as a single, circular, double-stranded molecule that is highly compacted through supercoiling and interactions with...
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Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
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The Nucleus01:25

The Nucleus

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The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...
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The Nucleus01:32

The Nucleus

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The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
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Chromosome Replication02:31

Chromosome Replication

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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

A Cell Free Assay to Study Chromatin Decondensation at the End of Mitosis
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A Cell Free Assay to Study Chromatin Decondensation at the End of Mitosis

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Chemonucleolysis. Development, experience, perspectives.

R Steffen1, R von Bremen-Kühne1

  • 1Orthopädische Fachklinik, Marienkrankenhaus Kaiserswerth, Düsseldorf, Germany.

Der Orthopade
|March 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemonucleolysis, an intradiscal Chymopapain injection, offers a low-risk, effective minimally invasive treatment for lumbar disc prolapse. It has a long history of clinical use and shows good long-term results.

Keywords:
Key words Lumbar disc prolapse • Chemonucleolysis • Chymopapain • Prick test

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Minimally Invasive Procedures
  • Spinal Surgery

Background:

  • Lumbar disc prolapse treatment options range from conservative management to open surgery.
  • Minimally invasive techniques like percutaneous endoscopic discectomy and laser decompression are available.
  • Chemonucleolysis has the longest history of clinical application among these minimally invasive options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate chemonucleolysis as a minimally invasive treatment for lumbar disc prolapse.
  • To highlight its long-term efficacy and safety profile.
  • To position it within the therapeutic options for lumbar disc herniation.

Main Methods:

  • Intradiscal application of Chymopapain.
  • Review of long-term clinical studies and patient outcomes.
  • Consideration of indications and contraindications, including allergic diathesis.

Main Results:

  • Chemonucleolysis demonstrates good long-term clinical results.
  • It is a low-risk and efficient therapeutic option.
  • The procedure effectively bridges the gap between conservative care and open surgery.

Conclusions:

  • Chemonucleolysis is a well-established, minimally invasive treatment for lumbar disc prolapse.
  • Its long-term efficacy and safety profile make it a valuable therapeutic choice.
  • Careful patient selection, considering contraindications like allergies, is crucial for optimal outcomes.