Pyruvate antioxidant roles in human fibroblasts and embryonic stem cells

Oxidative stress has been related to multiple diseases, especially during early embryonic development, when environmental alterations can lead to long-term deleterious effects. In vitro studies of oxidative stress have been mainly focused on somatic cells, but embryonic stem cells (ESCs) represent a promising model of early embryonic development as they are the in vitro equivalent to pluripotent cells in the embryo. Human fibroblasts and ESCs were exposed to different pro-oxidant agents (hydrogen peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), and rotenone) and antioxidants (sodium pyruvate, N-acetylcysteine, Trolox, and sodium selenite) during a 72 h oxidative stress treatment. Then, cell viability, oxidative stress, mitochondrial activity, and gene expression were analyzed, focusing on the antioxidant effect of pyruvate. Pyruvate protected both somatic and pluripotent cells against different pro-oxidant agents, showing strong ROS scavenging capacity, protecting mitochondrial membrane potential, and regulating gene expression and cell metabolism through different mechanisms in fibroblasts and ESCs. In fibroblasts, pyruvate avoided NFKβ nuclear translocation and the upregulation of genes related to the oxidative stress response, while in ESCs pyruvate stimulated the expression of genes involved in anaerobic glycolysis. Fibroblasts and ESCs reacted in different ways to oxidative stress and antioxidant treatment, and pyruvate was the most complete antioxidant, protecting both cell types at different levels.