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Adsorption is a process where molecules, known as the adsorbates, accumulate on a surface, which is referred to as the adsorbent or substrate. Occurring at the solid-gas interface, this phenomenon is crucial in various scientific and industrial contexts. The reverse of adsorption is desorption.Two types of adsorptions exist: physical (physisorption) and chemical (chemisorption). Physisorption involves gas molecules held to the solid's surface by relatively weak intermolecular van der Waals...
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Adsorption isotherms are mathematical models that describe how molecules in a gas or liquid phase interact with surfaces. Two of the most common isotherm models are the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, which relate to Type I monolayer chemisorption. The Langmuir model is based on four key assumptions:• Adsorption cannot exceed monolayer coverage.• All surface sites are equivalent.• Molecules adsorb only at vacant sites.• There are no interactions between adsorbed...
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Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) introduced a theory in 1938 that modified Langmuir's assumptions to explain multilayer physical adsorption. This theory is applicable to Type II isotherms and provides a more realistic picture of adsorption processes. The BET theory assumes a uniform solid surface with localized adsorption sites, where adsorption at one site doesn't affect adsorption at neighboring sites. This theory also allows for the possibility of additional molecules being adsorbed on top...
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Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework
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SO2 adsorption on silica supported iridium.

Djamela Bounechada1, David P Anderson1, Magnus Skoglundh1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|March 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) interacts with iridium on silica (Ir/SiO2) by forming adsorbed sulfur species. In the presence of oxygen, SO2 can oxidize to sulfates on the silica support, a process dependent on temperature and gas composition.

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Area of Science:

  • Heterogeneous Catalysis
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Understanding the interaction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) with supported metal catalysts is crucial for industrial processes and environmental remediation.
  • Iridium (Ir) catalysts supported on silica (SiO2) are investigated for their potential in various chemical transformations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the reaction mechanism of sulfur dioxide (SO2) with Ir/SiO2 catalysts under varying conditions.
  • To identify the surface species formed during SO2 interaction and their dependence on oxygen presence and temperature.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneous in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and mass spectrometry (MS) were employed.
  • The Ir/SiO2 sample was exposed to SO2 (10-50 ppm) at temperatures ranging from 200-400 °C, with and without oxygen.

Main Results:

  • In the absence of oxygen, SO2 disproportionates on Ir, saturating the surface with adsorbed sulfur (S) and forming minor SO3 adsorbed on SiO2.
  • In the presence of oxygen, adsorbed sulfur species can desorb as SO2/SO3, remain as adsorbed SO2 on metal sites, or spillover to form sulfates (SO4^2-) on the silica support.
  • Significant sulfate formation requires both SO2 and O2, indicating SO2 oxidation to SO3 as a prerequisite.
  • Sulfate formation is accompanied by the removal or rearrangement of surface silanol groups.

Conclusions:

  • The interaction of SO2 with Ir/SiO2 is primarily governed by temperature and the presence of oxygen, with less influence from SO2 concentration.
  • The formation of sulfates on silica is a key pathway in the presence of oxygen, involving SO2 oxidation and interaction with the support.
  • Surface modifications, including silanol group changes, occur during sulfate formation.