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Related Concept Videos

Endocrine Signaling01:45

Endocrine Signaling

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Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
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What is the Endocrine System?00:46

What is the Endocrine System?

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The endocrine system sends hormones—chemical signals—through the bloodstream to target cells—the cells the hormones selectively affect. These signals are produced in endocrine cells, secreted into the extracellular fluid, and then diffuse into the blood. Eventually, they diffuse out of the blood and bind to target cells which have specialized receptors to recognize the hormones.
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Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Influence of Elimination Half-Life on Effect Duration01:23

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Influence of Elimination Half-Life on Effect Duration

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Drug elimination from the body primarily occurs through metabolic and excretion pathways. Hepatic metabolism transforms lipophilic drugs into hydrophilic forms for excretion, typically via enzymatic processes classified as phase I (modification) and phase II (conjugation). Renal excretion eliminates drugs and metabolites through filtration and secretion in the kidneys. Impairment in liver or kidney function can hinder these processes, delaying drug clearance and extending the drug’s...
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An Overview of the Endocrine System01:10

An Overview of the Endocrine System

16.9K
The endocrine system, a complex network of glands, orchestrates physiological balance within the body through the production and secretion of hormones. These hormones are chemical messengers in intercellular communication, acting as conduits between the secretory cells and distant target sites. They traverse the circulatory system by being released into the extracellular fluid, and their impact is specific to cells possessing receptors for a particular hormone.
The endocrine system collaborates...
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The Endocrine System01:29

The Endocrine System

1.6K
The endocrine system is an extensive network of glands – organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions, that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that play essential roles in regulating various bodily functions. These hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body. They require specific receptors to convey signals to cells possessing these corresponding receptors. This complex signaling mechanism ensures that...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
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Extended Endocrine Therapy: Is 5 Years Enough?

Manali A Bhave1, N Lynn Henry2

  • 1Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Current Oncology Reports
|March 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Extended endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer improves disease-free survival. Personalized risk assessment is key to balancing benefits against risks for extended treatment.

Keywords:
Adjuvant endocrine therapyAromatase inhibitorsBreast cancerExtended endocrine therapyPredictive biomarkersTamoxifen

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Women with hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer face long-term recurrence risk.
  • Endocrine therapy is a cornerstone treatment for HR-positive breast cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent data on the benefits and risks of extended endocrine therapy for HR-positive breast cancer.
  • To discuss strategies for individualizing extended endocrine treatment decisions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent clinical data and research findings.
  • Analysis of treatment outcomes for extended duration endocrine therapy.

Main Results:

  • Ten years of tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitor treatment significantly improved disease-free survival compared to five years.
  • Extended therapy carries risks that must be weighed against benefits.
  • Genetic tests are emerging to predict late recurrence risk and treatment benefit.

Conclusions:

  • Extended endocrine therapy is a viable strategy to reduce late recurrence in HR-positive breast cancer.
  • Treatment decisions should be individualized based on recurrence risk, comorbidities, and therapy tolerance.