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Viral Mutations

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...

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HIV-Associated Urogenital Malignancies.

Marcus Hentrich, David Pfister

Oncology Research and Treatment

|March 3, 2017

Summary

HIV-infected men face increased risks for testicular and prostate cancers. Treatments are similar to HIV-negative patients, with improved outcomes due to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).

Area of Science:

Oncology
Infectious Diseases
Urology

Background:

Non-AIDS-defining malignancies (NADMs) are a major cause of illness and death in people with HIV.
HIV-infected individuals show a slightly increased risk for testicular germ cell cancer (GCC) and renal cell cancer, but a decreased risk for prostate and bladder cancers.
With an aging HIV population, testis and prostate cancers are expected to rise in HIV-infected men.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the epidemiology and management of urogenital malignancies in HIV-infected individuals.
To highlight the impact of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) on cancer outcomes.
To provide guidance on cancer screening and treatment in the context of HIV infection.

Main Methods:

Literature review and synthesis of existing data on urogenital cancers in HIV.

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Analysis of treatment outcomes in HIV-infected patients compared to HIV-negative controls.

Examination of the role of cART in cancer management and patient survival.

Main Results:

Outcomes for HIV-infected men with GCC have improved with cART, showing similar cancer-free survival to HIV-negative patients.
Standard treatments for urogenital malignancies are generally applicable to HIV-infected individuals.
Concurrent cART during cancer therapy is recommended, with careful consideration of drug-drug interactions.

Conclusions:

HIV-infected men require tailored approaches to urogenital cancer management, considering specific risk profiles.
Effective management of HIV with cART improves cancer outcomes and survival.
Screening and treatment protocols for prostate cancer should align with general population guidelines, with attention to antiretroviral therapy interactions.