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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
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Many fundamental cell functions such as muscle contraction and nerve transmission rely on the electrical signals produced by the movement of positively and negatively charged ions across the cell membrane. One competent method to record current flowing across the whole cell or single ion channel is the patch-clamp technique.
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Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.
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Application of Automated Image-guided Patch Clamp for the Study of Neurons in Brain Slices
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A Small Leak Will Sink the Brain: Targeted C1-C2 Patching.

Thomas Decramer1, Pieter Jan Van Dyck-Lippens2, Tom P Franken3

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Neurosciences, Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, KU Leuven, Belgium.

World Neurosurgery
|March 4, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks cause spontaneous intracranial hypotension. A targeted epidural blood patch effectively treated a C1-C2 CSF leak when standard lumbar patching failed, resolving severe symptoms.

Keywords:
CSF leakEpidural blood patchSpinal catheterSpontaneous intracranial hypotension

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Neurology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Spontaneous intracranial hypotension arises from spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks.
  • Lumbar epidural blood patching is the primary treatment.
  • Persistent or severe cases necessitate advanced imaging and targeted therapies.

Observation:

  • A 50-year-old woman presented with spontaneous intracranial hypotension and subdural hematomas after minor neck trauma.
  • Two lumbar epidural blood patches were ineffective.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid leak identified at the C1-C2 level via MRI with intrathecal gadolinium.

Findings:

  • A targeted epidural blood patch using a percutaneous thoracic epidural approach successfully sealed the C1-C2 cerebrospinal fluid leak.
  • Immediate symptom resolution and subsequent regression of subdural hematomas were observed.

Implications:

  • Targeted epidural blood patching with a catheter is a viable and effective strategy for C1-C2 cerebrospinal fluid leaks.
  • This approach offers a solution for severe intracranial hypotension refractory to initial treatments.
  • Advanced imaging and targeted interventions are crucial for managing complex CSF leak cases.