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Viruses in the Oceanic Basement.

Olivia D Nigro1, Sean P Jungbluth2,3, Huei-Ting Lin2

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The first ocean basement viruses were discovered in geothermally heated fluids, revealing novel archaeon-infecting viruses and expanding the known virosphere. These viruses are active in the deep biosphere.

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Area of Science:

  • Deep biosphere microbiology
  • Marine virology
  • Geomicrobiology

Background:

  • Microbial life is found in the oceanic basement, but viruses have not been confirmed.
  • The ocean basement is a vast habitat potentially crucial for the origin of life.
  • Viruses are integral to Earth's life but their role in the deep ocean basement is unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detect and characterize viruses in geothermally heated ocean basement fluids.
  • To understand the diversity and ecological role of viruses in this extreme environment.
  • To investigate the potential impact of viruses on the deep biosphere.

Main Methods:

  • Collected geothermally heated fluid samples from boreholes in the Juan de Fuca Ridge.
  • Used electron microscopy to identify viral morphotypes.
  • Analyzed viral sequences in metagenomes and assembled complete viral genomes.

Main Results:

  • Virus-like particles were abundant, outnumbering prokaryotes.
  • Diverse viral morphotypes were observed, resembling known bacterial and archaeal viruses.
  • Archaea-infecting viruses were dominant, with novel lineages identified.
  • Complete genomes of novel archaeal viruses and prophages were discovered.

Conclusions:

  • The ocean basement harbors a distinct and novel viral community, including many archaeon-infecting viruses.
  • These viruses are active participants in the basement microbiome's ecology.
  • This discovery expands the known geographical limits of the virosphere and highlights novel viral diversity.