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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

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Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
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Gestational diabetes mellitus: an updated overview.

E Chiefari1, B Arcidiacono1, D Foti2

  • 1Chair of Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.

Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
|March 12, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a growing concern with significant economic and health impacts. This review addresses ongoing debates in GDM diagnosis, management, and prevention strategies for better maternal and infant outcomes.

Keywords:
Gestational diabetes mellitusPancreatic β-cell dysfunctionPeripheral insulin resistanceSelective screeningUniversal screening

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) incidence is rising globally.
  • GDM poses risks for severe pregnancy complications and has substantial economic consequences.
  • Current prevention strategies for GDM remain insufficient.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current clinical insights on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
  • To discuss controversial aspects of GDM diagnosis and management.
  • To provide an update on GDM prevention and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on GDM.
  • Analysis of current diagnostic criteria and management guidelines.
  • Discussion of controversial issues in GDM clinical practice.

Main Results:

  • Discrepancies exist in global diagnostic criteria for GDM.
  • Recommendations for diet, physical activity, and medication vary.
  • Effective GDM prevention strategies are still under development.

Conclusions:

  • There is a need for standardized diagnostic criteria and management protocols for GDM.
  • Further research is required to develop effective GDM prevention and treatment strategies.
  • Addressing GDM controversies is crucial for improving maternal and infant health outcomes.