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Structural and compositional analysis of a casting mold sherd from ancient China.

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Shang Dynasty bronze casting molds found at Daxinzhuang reveal local production and enhanced air permeability features. Analysis indicates iron on the mold is from soil contamination, not copper alloy.

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Area of Science:

  • Archaeometallurgy
  • Materials Science
  • Ancient Chinese History

Background:

  • Bronze casting was highly symbolic and controlled in the Shang Dynasty, primarily near the capital, Yin Ruins.
  • Excavating casting molds away from the capital, like at Daxinzhuang, is rare and significant for understanding Shang expansion.
  • Daxinzhuang represents a key eastern area of the Shang state, crucial for studying its eastward territorial growth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To non-destructively analyze a rare Shang Dynasty bronze vessel mold sherd from Daxinzhuang.
  • To investigate the mold's internal structure, surface decoration, and elemental composition.
  • To determine the origin and manufacturing context of the bronze casting mold.

Main Methods:

  • Synchrotron X-ray tomography for non-destructive 3D structural imaging.
  • Physicochemical analysis methods for elemental composition (copper, iron).
  • Analysis of archaeological context and comparison with known Shang bronze vessels.

Main Results:

  • Internal pores within the mold sherd were identified, likely enhancing air permeability during casting.
  • Surface decorative patterns are inferred to be carved, not applied.
  • Higher iron content than copper was detected on the surface, attributed to local soil contamination.

Conclusions:

  • The casting mold was fabricated locally at Daxinzhuang, indicating decentralized production capabilities.
  • The mold's features, including pores and carved decorations, were optimized for bronze casting.
  • Elemental analysis confirms local soil contamination as the source of surface iron, supporting local mold fabrication.