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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
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Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
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ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens01:24

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Halogens are ortho–para directors. They are more electronegative than carbon. Therefore, as ring substituents, they can withdraw electrons through the inductive effect and deactivate the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution. Halogens also have an electron-donating resonance effect on the ring, which influences the orientation of the incoming electrophile. If an electrophile attacks at the ortho or the para position, the halogen donates electrons and stabilizes the intermediate...
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Adverse reactions to orthodontic materials.

I Sifakakis1, T Eliades2

  • 1Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Australian Dental Journal
|March 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Orthodontic materials can cause adverse effects due to ion release and degradation. Careful material selection and management during treatment are crucial to minimize these risks.

Keywords:
adverse reactionsorthodontic materialsside effects

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Orthodontic Materials
  • Clinical Dentistry

Background:

  • Orthodontic appliances utilize metallic and polymeric materials, which can degrade or corrode within the oral environment.
  • The release of constituent substances, degradation by-products, and additives from these materials can lead to adverse biological effects.
  • Intraoral aging further impacts the biological properties and safety profile of orthodontic materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the major adverse effects associated with metallic and polymeric components in orthodontic appliances.
  • To identify the specific substances released from these materials and their potential health implications.
  • To provide insights into mitigating the risks associated with orthodontic material usage.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of adverse effects from metallic and polymeric orthodontic materials.
  • Analysis of ion release mechanisms (corrosion) in metallic alloys (stainless steel, titanium alloys).
  • Evaluation of polymer degradation and release of reactive substances like bisphenol-A (BPA).

Main Results:

  • Corrosion of metallic appliances releases ions (iron, chromium, nickel), with nickel being a common allergen.
  • Titanium alloys exhibit better corrosion resistance compared to stainless steel.
  • Inefficient polymerization of polymers can lead to the release of bisphenol-A (BPA), potentially causing endocrine disruption.

Conclusions:

  • Adverse effects from orthodontic materials necessitate careful consideration during selection and treatment.
  • Strategies to minimize bisphenol-A release include optimizing light-curing protocols and post-bonding care.
  • Understanding material degradation and ion release is key to ensuring patient safety in orthodontics.