An introduction into autonomic nervous function

The results of many medical measurements are directly or indirectly influenced by the autonomic nervous system (ANS). For example pupil size or heart rate may demonstrate striking moment-to-moment variability. This review intends to elucidate the physiology behind this seemingly unpredictable system. The review is split up into: 1. The peripheral ANS, parallel innervation by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, their transmitters and co-transmitters. It treats questions like the supposed sympatho/vagal balance, organization in plexuses and the 'little brains' that are active like in the enteric system or around the heart. Part 2 treats ANS-function in some (example-) organs in more detail: the eye, the heart, blood vessels, lungs, respiration and cardiorespiratory coupling. Part 3 poses the question of who is directing what? Is the ANS a strictly top-down directed system or is its organization bottom-up? Finally, it is concluded that the 'noisy numbers' in medical measurements, caused by ANS variability, are part and parcel of how the system works. This topical review is a one-man's undertaking and may possibly give a biased view. The author has explicitly indicated in the text where his views are not (yet) supported by facts, hoping to provoke discussion and instigate new research.