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Related Concept Videos

Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

45.7K
Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
45.7K
Testing a Claim about Mean: Unknown Population SD01:21

Testing a Claim about Mean: Unknown Population SD

6.4K
A complete procedure of testing a hypothesis about a population mean when the population standard deviation is unknown is explained here.
Estimating a population mean requires the samples to be approximately normally distributed. The data should be collected from the randomly selected samples having no sampling bias. There is no specific requirement for sample size. But if the sample size is less than 30, and we don't know the population standard deviation, a different approach is used;...
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Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
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Mate Choice01:20

Mate Choice

11.9K
Mate choice—the decision about whom to mate with—is a type of natural selection, since animals must reproduce to pass down their genes. Mate choice is also called intersexual selection because the behavior occurs between the sexes.
11.9K
Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

23.2K
Overview
23.2K
Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

24.4K
When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
24.4K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Maintaining Laboratory Cultures of Gryllus bimaculatus, a Versatile Orthopteran Model for Insect Agriculture and Invertebrate Physiology
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Maintaining Laboratory Cultures of Gryllus bimaculatus, a Versatile Orthopteran Model for Insect Agriculture and Invertebrate Physiology

Published on: June 8, 2022

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Flight polymorphism in the field cricket Gryllus pennsylvanicus.

R G Harrison1

  • 1Department of Biology, Yale University New Haven, 06520, CT, USA.

Oecologia
|March 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Genetic factors influence wing length variation in field crickets (Gryllus pennsylvanicus). This study explains the observed differences in flight morph frequencies within and between populations, suggesting a threshold response model.

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genetics
  • Animal behavior

Background:

  • Wing length polymorphisms are prevalent in insects.
  • The field cricket Gryllus pennsylvanicus exhibits variable frequencies of the long-winged morph across populations.
  • Understanding the genetic basis of such polymorphisms is crucial for evolutionary studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic underpinnings of wing length variation in Gryllus pennsylvanicus.
  • To determine if genetic differences explain the observed inter- and intrapopulation variation in flight morph frequencies.
  • To explore potential mechanisms maintaining this flight polymorphism.

Main Methods:

  • Laboratory rearing experiments were conducted.
  • Single-pair crosses were performed to analyze inheritance patterns.

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Author Spotlight: Exploring Bradysia coprophila's Unique Biology – A Guide to Laboratory Maintenance

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Maintaining Laboratory Cultures of Gryllus bimaculatus, a Versatile Orthopteran Model for Insect Agriculture and Invertebrate Physiology
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  • A genetic variation in threshold response model was developed and tested against empirical data.

    • Main Results:

    • Laboratory experiments and genetic crosses indicated that genetic differences contribute significantly to wing length variation.
    • Inter- and intrapopulation differences in morph frequencies are at least partly explained by genetic factors.
    • A threshold response model effectively accounts for the observed data.

    Conclusions:

    • Genetic variation plays a key role in the wing length polymorphism of Gryllus pennsylvanicus.
    • The observed distribution of flight morphs can be explained by genetic differences influencing a threshold response.
    • Further research is needed to elucidate the specific mechanisms maintaining this polymorphism in natural populations.